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These were analyzed via protein-protein interaction (PPI)network, GO\/KEGG enrichment analyses (via DAVID), and hub gene identification (using Cytoscape and cytoHubba). Core predictions were validated by molecular docking, with therapeutic efficacy confirmed in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA)rats and NF-\u03baB pathway inhibition confirmed in TNF-\u03b1-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrated analysis identified 34 common targets of Er Miao San (EMS) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, with NFKBIA, RELA, and TNF recognized as the top hub genes. Molecular docking revealed stable binding between these targets and the core active components (fumarine, berberine, and wogonin). Experimentally, EMS alleviated joint pathology in AA rats and concentration-dependently suppressed TNF-\u03b1-induced proliferation of FLSs and the secretion of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6. Mechanistically, EMS inhibited NF-\u03baB signaling by reducing the phosphorylation of I\u03baB\u03b1 and p65 and blocking the nuclear translocation of p65.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The therapeutic effects of EMS on RA are mediated through the inhibition of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, thereby elucidating its mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-026-05359-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1775800634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the molecular mechanism of Er Miao San for treating rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zihua","family":"Xuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwen","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiluo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"5359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102391","volume":"18","author":"G Evangelatos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evangelatos G, Fragoulis GE, Koulouri V, Lambrou GI. 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