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The research in discovering novel antimicrobial compounds from plants has been of increased interest due to the global rise of antibiotic resistance. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial, antibiotic synergistic potential and the chemical profile of plant extracts associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Cleistanthus bracteosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      Jabl\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      found in Malaysian rainforests for the first time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The antibacterial activity and synergistic antibacterial activity of chloroform, methanol and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      -hexane crude extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>C. bracteosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were determined against bacterial pathogens of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, B<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The chloroform extracts were subjected to fractionation, chemical profiling, and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The chloroform stem extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity which indicated a mean inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 10\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26\u00a0mm against the Gram-positive bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      . cereus. The best synergistic activity was shown for chloroform wood extract when combined with ampicillin against\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii,<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a growth inhibitory index (GIIs) of 1.33. Potassium clavulanate actively synergised with chloroform stem extract against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 10536 (IZD\u2009=\u200927\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56\u00a0mm) and chloroform bark extract against\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (IZD\u2009=\u200928\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54\u00a0mm).\n                      <jats:italic>C. bracteosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, saponins and traces of terpenoids, with chloroform extracts of bark, stem and wood consisting of 20 bioactive phytochemical compounds according to gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis (GC\u2013MS). Further analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) implied the presence of digoxigenin and lauric acid. The FE-SEM observations further elucidated the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>C. bracteosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      chloroform extracts on the morphology of susceptible organisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of this investigation justify that chloroform extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>C. bracteosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      can function as a novel antibacterial agent with synergistic potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-026-05439-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1781945648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical profiling and evaluation of in vitro antibacterial and antibiotic synergistic activities of Cleistanthus bracteosus Jabl. from Malaysian rainforests"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mackingsley Kushan","family":"Dassanayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng-Jin","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien Hwa","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Wiart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Ashraf","family":"Elfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Symonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Tahir","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587212460241","volume":"18","author":"K Karunamoorthi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karunamoorthi K, Jegajeevanram K, Vijayalakshmi J, Mengistie E. 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