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This study did not involve human subjects, clinical samples, or animal subjects. Standard reference strains obtained from Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) were used. The collection of plant material (\n                      S. procera\n                      ) was done on private land, not legally protected, following verbal permission from the landowner and in line with national and institutional guidelines for plant research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"286"}}