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However, its potential antioxidant and anticancer properties has rarely been systematically reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigated the in vitro antioxidant and anticancer effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Benincasa hispida<\/jats:italic>\n                    juice (BHJ). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of BHJ were determined to be 37.14\u2009\u00b1\u20094.26\u00a0mg GAE\/L and 12.43\u2009\u00b1\u20092.36\u00a0mg RUT\/L juice, respectively. BHJ at the original concentration (1\u00d7) exhibited potent scavenging activity against DPPH radical, superoxide anions(O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), hydroxyl radicals(\u00b7OH) and nitrite, with respective scavenging rates of 43.15\u2009\u00b1\u20092.18%, 24.35\u2009\u00b1\u20092.37%, 19.57\u2009\u00b1\u20091.49% and 38.64\u2009\u00b1\u20093.42%. Treatment of HepG2 cells with BHJ at concentration of 10, 20, and 40 mL\/L significantly induced cellular apoptosis, which was accompanied by upregulation of activated caspase 9, PARP, Bax, Bad, and Apaf-1, as well as downregulation of Bcl-2 and pro-caspase 3. Furthermore, caspase-specific inhibitors (Ac-DEVD-CHO and Z-LEHD-FMK) effectively abrogated BHJ- induced reduction in HepG2 cells viability. Additionally, BHJ at 5 and 10 mL\/L significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. This anti-metastatic effect was associated with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2 and MMP-9, along with the upregulation of TIMP-1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potent antioxidant and anticancer capacities of BHJ, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>Benincasa hispida<\/jats:italic>\n                    may serve as a promising source of therapeutic agents for combating oxidative stress and hepatocellular carcinoma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-026-05475-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T13:34:13Z","timestamp":1784986453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of Benincasa hispida juice on HepG2 cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shi-Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Xue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Luan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002108","volume":"135","author":"C Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia C, Dong X, Li H, Cao M, Sun D, He S, Yang F, Yan X, Zhang S, Li N, et al. 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