{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:43:28Z","timestamp":1792413808503,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:25:01Z","timestamp":1784730301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant-part specific in vitro antibacterial activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Mangifera indica against Salmonella typhi: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6750-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Ronald","family":"Omara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1962-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliet","family":"Kyayesimira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Charles","family":"Olet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5482_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan MSA, Ahmad I. Herbal medicine: current trends and future prospects. New look to phytomedicine. Elsevier; 2019. pp. 3\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X"},{"issue":"1","key":"5482_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2160-6","volume":"18","author":"AN Welz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Welz AN, Emberger-Klein A, Menrad K. Why people use herbal medicine: Insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5482_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","volume":"109","author":"F Prestinaci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309\u201318.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5482_CR4","first-page":"205","volume":"12","author":"SM Evans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans SM, Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Cosmet Drug Microbiol. 2016;12(4):205\u201331.","journal-title":"Cosmet Drug Microbiol"},{"key":"5482_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kebede T, Gadisa E, Tufa A. Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: A possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. PLoS One. 2021;16(3 March):1\u201316. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249253.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249253"},{"key":"5482_CR6","unstructured":"Osei-Djarbeng SN, Kwarteng RO, Osei-Asante S, Owusu-Dapaah G. Comparative antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves, seed and stem bark of Mangifera indica (Mango). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020;9(1):1240\u20133. Available from: http:\/\/www.phytojournal.com."},{"key":"5482_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lauricella M, Emanuele S, Calvaruso G, Giuliano M, D\u2019Anneo A. Multifaceted health benefits of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): the inestimable value of orchards recently planted in Sicilian rural areas. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9050525.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050525"},{"key":"5482_CR8","unstructured":"Yadav D, Singh S, Mango. History origin and distribution. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6(6):1257\u201362. Available from: https:\/\/www.phytojournal.com\/archives\/2017.v6.i6.2226\/mango-history-origin-and-distribution."},{"issue":"11","key":"5482_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9110258","volume":"9","author":"U Anand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: Potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites. 2019;9(11):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"10","key":"5482_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3329\/icpj.v5i10.29523","volume":"5","author":"VA Kamble","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamble VA, Somkuwar DO, Wankhade SJ. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antisalmonella activity of Mangifera indica L. flower and seed kernel extracts. Int Curr Pharm J. 2016;5(10):82\u201393.","journal-title":"Int Curr Pharm J"},{"key":"5482_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Djeussi DE, Noumedem JAK, Seukep JA, Fankam AG, Voukeng IK, Tankeo SB, et al. Antibacterial activities of selected edible plants extracts against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-164.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-164"},{"issue":"October","key":"5482_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"RZ Sadiea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sadiea RZ, Mozumder A, Mou MJ, Hasan SN, Sikder C, Akter S, et al. Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernels in Bangladesh. Front Trop Dis. 2024;5(October):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5482_CR13","first-page":"326","volume":"15","author":"K Ismail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail K, Maiga G, Ssebuggwaawo D, Nabende P, Mansourian A. Spatio-temporal trends and distribution patterns of typhoid disease in Uganda from 2012 to 2017. Geospat Health. 2020;15(2):326\u201336.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5482_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","volume":"11","author":"M Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antill\u00f3n M, Warren JL, Crawford FW, Weinberger DM, K\u00fcr\u00fcm E, Pak GD, et al. The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(2):1\u201321.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5482_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","volume":"68","author":"JA Crump","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crump JA. Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 1):S4\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5482_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/913\/1\/012070","volume":"913","author":"NS Sunarno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sunarno NS, Hartoyo Y, Amalia N, Febrianti T, Febriyana D, et al. Long-term Storage of Bacterial Isolates by Using Tryptic Soy Broth with 15% Glycerol in the Deep Freezer (-70 to -80\u00a0C). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021;913(1):6\u201311.","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci"},{"issue":"103","key":"5482_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"2015","author":"LM Koeth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koeth LM, DiFranco-Fisher JM, McCurdy S. A reference broth microdilution method for dalbavancin in vitro susceptibility testing of bacteria that grow aerobically. J Vis Exp. 2015;2015(103):1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"5482_CR18","first-page":"76","volume":"10","author":"K Uthayarasa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uthayarasa K, Pathmanathan K, Jeyadevan JP, Jeyaseelan EC. Antibacterial activity and qualitative phytochemical analysis of medicinal plant extracts obtained by sequential extraction method. Int J Integr Biol. 2010;10(2):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Integr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5482_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3354\/dao064211","volume":"64","author":"RA Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller RA, Walker RD, Carson J, Coles M, Coyne R, Dalsgaard I, et al. Standardization of a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations of aquatic bacteria. Dis Aquat Organ. 2005;64(3):211\u201322.","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"5482_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yousuf M, Ali A, Khan P, Anjum F, Elasbali AM, Islam A, et al. Insights into the antibacterial activity of prolactin-inducible protein against the standard and environmental MDR bacterial strains. Microorganisms. 2022;10(3):597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10030597.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030597"},{"key":"5482_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panapiyasakunchai J, Deerasamee O, CS. Antimicrobial activity of some varieties of thai, mango seed kernel extracts. Acta Hortic. 2014;(1023):155\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/www.actahort.org\/books\/1023\/1023_22.htm.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2014.1023.22"},{"issue":"1","key":"5482_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00126-6","volume":"71","author":"T Kabuki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kabuki T, Nakajima H, Arai M, Ueda S, Kuwabara Y, Dosako S. Characterization of novel antimicrobial compounds from mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel seeds. Food Chem. 2000;71(1):61\u20136.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"5482_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16799","volume":"88","author":"K Saleem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleem K, Hayat Z, Tariq Z, Riaz T, Azam M. Profiling of phenolic compounds, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activity of mango seed kernel using different optimized extraction systems. J Food Sci. 2023;88(12):5002\u201311.","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5482_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21010\/Ajidv16i2S.2","volume":"16","author":"GM Ochollah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ochollah GM, Msengwa SZ, Mabiki PF, Kusiluka JML, Mdegela HR, Olsen EJ. Antibacterial Effects of Single and Combined Crude Extracts of Synadenium Glaucescens and Commiphora Swynnertonii. Afr J Infect Dis. 2022;16(2):9\u201316.","journal-title":"Afr J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5482_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081014","volume":"11","author":"N Vaou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsakris Z, Rozos G, Tsigalou C, et al. Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects. Antibiotics. 2022;11(8):1\u201323.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"5482_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003","volume":"106","author":"P Cos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe D, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro \u2018proof-of-concept\u2019. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):290\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5482_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1086\/381972","volume":"38","author":"GA Pankey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pankey GA, Sabath LD. Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(6):864\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:02:30Z","timestamp":1792411350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-026-05482-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants or animal subjects; therefore, ethical approval and consent to participate were not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"308"}}