{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:39:47Z","timestamp":1783539587904,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T01:31:36Z","timestamp":1530063096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Piloting online self-audit of methadone treatment in Irish general practice: results, reflections and educational outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Claire","family":"Van Hout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Des","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoife","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ide","family":"Delargy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02224.x","volume":"39","author":"T Swanwick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swanwick T. Informal learning in postgraduate medical education: from cognitivism to \u2018culturism. Med Educ. 2005;39:859\u201365.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1972.tb02166.x","volume":"6","author":"H Acheseon","year":"1972","unstructured":"Acheseon H. The clinical record as an aid to continuing education in general practice: a medical self-audit. Med Educ. 1972;6:26\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.500709","volume":"32","author":"WF Iobsti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iobsti WF, Sherbino J, Ten Cate O, Richardson DL, Dath D, Swing SR, et al. Competency-based medical education in postgraduate medical education. Med Teacher. 2010;32:651\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Teacher"},{"key":"1259_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/028134398750003313","volume":"16","author":"A Munck","year":"1998","unstructured":"Munck A, Hansen DG, Lindman A, Ovhed I, F\u00f8rre S, Torsteinsson J. A Nordic collaboration on medical audit: the APO method for quality development and continuous medical education (CME) in primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1998;16:2\u20136.","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"1259_CR5","volume-title":"ABC of learning and teaching in Medicine","author":"P Cantillon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cantillon P, Hutchinson L, Wood D. ABC of learning and teaching in Medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2003."},{"key":"1259_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6747.326","volume":"301","author":"GR Batstone","year":"1990","unstructured":"Batstone GR. Audit in Person Educational aspects of medical audit. BMJ. 1990;301:326\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1259_CR7","volume-title":"Modernising Medical Careers \u2013 the Next Steps","author":"Department of Health","year":"2004","unstructured":"Department of Health. Appendix I. Key principles and standards for postgraduate Med Educ training programmes. In: Modernising Medical Careers \u2013 the Next Steps. London: Department of Health; 2004."},{"key":"1259_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430154jce2004_9","volume":"20","author":"TP Shakespeare","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shakespeare TP, Mukherjee RK, Lu JJ, Mun Lee K, Black M. Evaluation of an audit with feedback continuing medical education program for radiation oncologists. J Cancer Edu. 2005;20:216\u201321.","journal-title":"J Cancer Edu"},{"key":"1259_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1017\/S026646230505049X","volume":"21","author":"B Bloom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bloom B. Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. Int J Tech Assess Health Care. 2005;21:380\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Tech Assess Health Care"},{"key":"1259_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2007.023242","volume":"17","author":"A Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas A, Boxall E, Laha SK, Day AJ, Grundy D. An educational and audit tool to reduce prescribing error in intensive care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17:360\u20133.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"1259_CR11","first-page":"CD000259","volume":"6","author":"N Ivers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorpp S, Young JM, Odgaard-Jensen J, French SD. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Coch Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD000259.","journal-title":"Coch Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1259_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2006.018549","volume":"15","author":"G Jamtvedt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jamtvedt G, Young JM, Kirstoffersen D, O\u2019Brien MA, Oxman A. Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15:433\u20136.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"1259_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.5.435","volume":"48","author":"MB Robinson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robinson MB. Evaluation of medical audit. J Epi Com Health. 1994;48:435\u201340.","journal-title":"J Epi Com Health"},{"key":"1259_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02973.x","volume":"42","author":"M Van de Ridder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van de Ridder M, Stokking K, McGaphie WC, Ten Cate O. What is feedback in clinical education? Med Educ. 2008;42:189\u201397.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02112.x","volume":"39","author":"T Dornan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dornan T, Hadfield J, Brown M, Boshuizen H, Scherpbier A. How can medical students learn in a self-directed way in the clinical environment? Design-based research. Med Educ. 2005;39:356\u201364.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2006.02652.x","volume":"41","author":"T Dornan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dornan T, Boshuizen H, King N, Scherpbier A. Experience-based learning: a model linking the processes and outcomes of medical students\u2019 workplace learning. Med Educ. 2007;41:84\u201391.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR17","volume-title":"Apprenticeship, Towards a New Paradigm of Learning","author":"D Guile","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guile D, Young M. Beyond the institution of apprenticeship: towards a social theory of learning as the production of knowledge. In: Ainley P, Rainbird H, editors. Apprenticeship, Towards a New Paradigm of Learning. London: Koogan; 1999."},{"key":"1259_CR18","volume-title":"2016 published online before print march 23rd","author":"I Delargy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delargy I, O Shea M, Van Hout MC, Collins C. A survey of general practitioners participating in the Irish methadone treatment Programme: profiles and attitudes. Heroin Addic related Clin Prob. In: 2016 published online before print march 23rd; 2016."},{"issue":"193","key":"1259_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090080008002","volume":"23","author":"VP Dole","year":"1965","unstructured":"Dole VP, Nywsander M. A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction. A clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride. JAMA. 1965;23(193):646\u201350.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1259_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004147","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004147","volume":"10","author":"L Amato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S. Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;10:CD004147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004147 . pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1259_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2001.00868.x","volume":"35","author":"JRM Lough","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lough JRM, Murray TS. Audit and summative assessment: a completed audit cycle. Med Educ. 2001;35:357\u201363.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.114","volume":"320","author":"C Pope","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N. Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000;320:114\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1259_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9268-x","volume":"16","author":"J Van der Zwet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van der Zwet J, Zwietering PJ, Tuenissen PW, van der Vleuten C, Scherpbier A. Workplace learning from a socio-cultural perspective: creating developmental space during the general practice clerkship. Adv Health Sciences Edu. 2011;16:359\u201373.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sciences Edu"},{"key":"1259_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/19.3.278","volume":"19","author":"PL Twohig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Twohig PL, Putnam W. Group interviews in primary care research: advancing the state of the art or ritualised research? Fam Pract. 2002;19:278\u201384.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"1259_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02378.x","volume":"40","author":"TJ Kennedy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kennedy TJ, Lingard LA. Making sense of grounded theory in medical education. Med Educ. 2006;40:101\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR26","first-page":"763","volume":"41","author":"PW Teunissen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Teunissen PW, Scheele F, Scherpbier AJ, van der Vleuten CP, Boor K, van Luijk SJ, et al. How residents learn: qualitative evidence for the pivotal role of clinical activities. Med Educ 2007. 2007;41:763\u201370.","journal-title":"Med Educ 2007"},{"key":"1259_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037-012-0005-4","volume":"1","author":"T Dornan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dornan T. Workplace Learning. Persp Med Educ. 2012;1:15\u201323.","journal-title":"Persp Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR28","volume-title":"Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky LS. Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1978."},{"key":"1259_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1348\/000709900158001","volume":"70","author":"M Eraut","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eraut M. Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. Brit J Educ Psych. 2000;70:113\u201336.","journal-title":"Brit J Educ Psych"},{"key":"1259_CR30","unstructured":"Eraut M. How professionals learn through work [Working paper]. 2008. Retrieved on 23rd June 2017 from http:\/\/surreyprofessionaltraining.pbworks.com\/f\/How+Professionals+Learn+through+Work.pdf ."},{"key":"1259_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.650741","volume":"34","author":"S Yardley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yardley S, Teunissen PW, Dornan T. Experiential learning. AMEE guide No 63 Med Teach. 2012;34:e102\u201315.","journal-title":"AMEE guide No 63 Med Teach"},{"key":"1259_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02371.x","volume":"40","author":"A Bleakley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bleakley A. Broadening conceptions of learning in medical education: the message from teamworking. Med Educ. 2006;40:150\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR33","volume-title":"Educating the reflective practitioner","author":"DA Schon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schon DA. Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1987."},{"key":"1259_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/14623940220129924","volume":"3","author":"S Clegg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clegg S, Tan J, Saeidi S. Reflecting or acting? Reflective practice and continuing professional development in higher education. Reflect Pract. 2002;3:131\u201346.","journal-title":"Reflect Pract"},{"key":"1259_CR35","volume-title":"Experiential Learning","author":"DA Kolb","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kolb DA. Experiential Learning. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1984."},{"key":"1259_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.2_suppl.18S","volume":"118","author":"HB Slotnick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slotnick HB. Physicians\u2019 learning strategies. Chest. 2000;118:18\u201323.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1259_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200110000-00008","volume":"76","author":"HB Slotnick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Slotnick HB. How doctors learn: education and learning across the medical-school-to-practice trajectory. Aca Med. 2001;76:1013\u201326.","journal-title":"Aca Med"},{"key":"1259_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/074171302237202","volume":"53","author":"S Billett","year":"2002","unstructured":"Billett S. Toward a workplace pedagogy: guidance, participation and engagement. Adult Edu Q. 2002;53:27\u201343.","journal-title":"Adult Edu Q"},{"key":"1259_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.08.010","volume":"8","author":"M Brennan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brennan M, Barocasa J, Cmicha C, Hess T, Kolehmainena C, Sosman J, et al. \u201cOops! I forgot HIV\u201d: resident physician self-audits and universal HIV screening. J Infect Pub Health. 2015;8:161\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Pub Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"1259_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1458","volume":"282","author":"MD Cabana","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, Wu AW, Wilson MH, Abbound PA. Why don\u2019t physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999;282(15):1458\u201365.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1259_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2000.00623.x","volume":"34","author":"M O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan M, Martin J, Murray E. Students\u2019 perceptions of the relative advantages and disadvantages of community-based and hospital-based teaching: a qualitative study. Med Educ. 2000;34:648\u201355.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2001.01024.x","volume":"35","author":"Z Silverstone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silverstone Z, Whitehouse C, Willis S, Mcardle P, Jones A, O\u2019Neill PA. Students\u2019 conceptual model of a good community attachment. Med Educ. 2001;35:946\u201356.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1259_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7316.799","volume":"323","author":"S Fraser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fraser S, Greenhalgh T. Coping with complexity: educating for capability. BMJ. 2001;323:799\u2013803.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1259_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/1363908032000093012","volume":"16","author":"A Fuller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fuller A, Unwin L. Learning as apprentices: creating and managing expansive learning environments. J Edu Work. 2003;16:407\u201326.","journal-title":"J Edu Work"},{"key":"1259_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355","volume-title":"Situated Learning: legitimate Peripheral Participation","author":"J Lave","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lave J, Wenger E. Situated Learning: legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T19:08:09Z","timestamp":1720379289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1259-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Irish College of General Practitioners, Dublin, Ireland.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Obtained. Informed and written consent was given by all participants prior to participation. Participants gave permission for the use of quotes retrieved from the open ended survey questions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"153"}}