{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:07:10Z","timestamp":1777597630048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Beit Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T00:28:16Z","timestamp":1531441696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The development of a training course for clubfoot treatment in Africa: learning points for course development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3408-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey","family":"Smythe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birhanu","family":"Ayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Lavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0734-9","volume":"467","author":"MB Dobbs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(5):1146\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062010-00004","volume":"62","author":"SJ Laaveg","year":"1980","unstructured":"Laaveg SJ, Ponseti IV. Long-term results of treatment of congenital club foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(1):23\u201331.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"1269_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274030-00021","volume":"74","author":"IV Ponseti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ponseti IV. Treatment of congenital club foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(3):448\u201354.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000023","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2015-000023","volume":"1","author":"CE Grimes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grimes CE, Holmer H, Maraka J, Ayana B, Hansen L, Lavy CBD. Cost-effectiveness of club-foot treatment in low-income and middle-income countries by the Ponseti method. BMJ Global Health. 2016;1(1):e000023.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1269_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000164876.97949.6b","volume":"25","author":"AJ Tindall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tindall AJ, Steinlechner CW, Lavy CB, Mannion S, Mkandawire N. Results of manipulation of idiopathic clubfoot deformity in Malawi by orthopaedic clinical officers using the Ponseti method: a realistic alternative for the developing world? J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(5):627\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"1269_CR6","first-page":"55","volume":"22","author":"IV Ponseti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ponseti IV. Relapsing clubfoot: causes, prevention, and treatment. Iowa Orthop J. 2002;22:55\u20136.","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1269_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i5.585","volume":"5","author":"L Shabtai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shabtai L, Specht SC, Herzenberg JE. Worldwide spread of the Ponseti method for clubfoot. World J Orthop. 2014;5(5):585\u201390.","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"1269_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice In: Diana Hopkins FE, Geneva Switzerland, editor. Health Professions Networks Nursing & Midwifery Hum Resour Health Geneva 2010."},{"issue":"9756","key":"1269_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","volume":"376","author":"J Frenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1923\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1269_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001840","volume":"12","author":"C Cancedda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cancedda C, Farmer PE, Kerry V, Nuthulaganti T, Scott KW, Goosby E, et al. Maximizing the impact of training initiatives for health professionals in low-income countries: frameworks, challenges, and best practices. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001840.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0152-1","volume":"12","author":"F Larkan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larkan F, Uduma O, Lawal SA, van Bavel B. Developing a framework for successful research partnerships in global health. Glob Health. 2016;12(1):17.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0820-0","volume":"16","author":"LV Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams LV, Wagner CM, Nutt CT, Binagwaho A. The future of global health education: training for equity in global health. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1):296.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0226-0","volume":"13","author":"B Acharya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Acharya B, Maru D, Schwarz R, Citrin D, Tenpa J, Hirachan S, et al. Partnerships in mental healthcare service delivery in low-resource settings: developing an innovative network in rural Nepal. Glob Health. 2017;13(1):2.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"1269_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000345","volume":"89","author":"EO Olapade-Olaopa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olapade-Olaopa EO, Baird S, Kiguli-Malwadde E, Kolars JC. Growing partnerships: leveraging the power of collaboration through the medical education partnership initiative. Acad Med. 2014;89:S19\u201323.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1269_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001108","volume":"8","author":"F Celletti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Celletti F, Reynolds TA, Wright A, Stoertz A, Dayrit M. Educating a new generation of doctors to improve the health of populations in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med. 2011;8(10):e1001108.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9490","key":"1269_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67028-6","volume":"366","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rowe AK, de Savigny D, Lanata CF, Victora CG. How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? Lancet. 2005;366(9490):1026\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1269_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.172","volume":"28","author":"Z Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill Z, Manu A, Tawiah-Agyemang C, Gyan T, Turner K, Weobong B, et al. How did formative research inform the development of a home-based neonatal care intervention in rural Ghana? J Perinatol. 2008;28(Suppl 2):S38\u201345.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"1269_CR18","unstructured":"Worthen B, Sanders J. Educational evaluation: alternative approaches and practical guidelines. New York: Longman; 1987."},{"issue":"2","key":"1269_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9301700205","volume":"17","author":"M-A Dehar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dehar M-A, Casswell S, Duignan P. Formative and process evaluation of health promotion and disease prevention programs. Eval Rev. 1993;17(2):204\u201320.","journal-title":"Eval Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1269_CR20","first-page":"93","volume":"5","author":"D Eseryel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eseryel D. Approaches to evaluation of training. Educ Technol Soc. 2002;5(2):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"1269_CR21","unstructured":"Bushnell D. Input, process, output: a model for evaluating training. Train Dev J. 1990;44(3)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1269_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","volume":"26","author":"MJ Grant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf Libr J. 2009;26(2):91\u2013108.","journal-title":"Health Inf Libr J"},{"issue":"9353","key":"1269_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12262-3","volume":"361","author":"S Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon S. Adult learning and CME. Lancet (London, England). 2003;361(9353):266.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1269_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-013-0497-4","volume":"7","author":"S B\u00f6hm","year":"2013","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm S, Sinclair M. Report of the 1st European consensus meeting on Ponseti clubfoot treatment. J Child Orthop. 2013;7(3):251\u20134.","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"1269_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasker RD, Weiss ES, Miller R. Partnership synergy: a practical framework for studying and strengthening the collaborative advantage. Milbank Q. 2001;79","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.00203"},{"issue":"2","key":"1269_CR26","first-page":"179","volume":"17","author":"LR Boydell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boydell LR, Rugkasa J. Benefits of working in partnership: a model. Crit Public Health. 2007;17(2):179\u2013205.","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"1269_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-10-43","volume":"10","author":"LD Gruppen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gruppen LD, Mangrulkar RS, Kolars JC. The promise of competency-based education in the health professions for improving global health. Hum Resour Health. 2012;10:43.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1269_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0156-x","volume":"12","author":"D Beran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beran D, Aebischer Perone S, Alcoba G, Bischoff A, Bussien C-L, Eperon G, et al. Partnerships in global health and collaborative governance: lessons learnt from the division of tropical and humanitarian medicine at the Geneva University Hospitals. Glob Health. 2016;12(1):14.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1269_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/12.2.122","volume":"12","author":"V Curtis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Curtis V, Kanki B, Cousens S, Sanou A, Diallo I, Mertens T. Dirt and diarrhoea: formative research in hygiene promotion programmes. Health Policy Plan. 1997;12(2):122\u201331.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"12","key":"1269_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001359","volume":"9","author":"C Lund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lund C, Tomlinson M, De Silva M, Fekadu A, Shidhaye R, Jordans M, et al. PRIME: a programme to reduce the treatment gap for mental disorders in five low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001359.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T19:05:41Z","timestamp":1562958341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1269-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine granted ethical approval for this study ref.:10412 \/RR\/3466. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"163"}}