{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:10:25Z","timestamp":1777439425923,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1533187265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measuring dexterity in the podiatrist population: a cross-sectional comparison of novice students and experienced podiatrists"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Causby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2466\/25.27.PMS.118k27w2","volume":"118","author":"RS Causby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Causby RS, Reed L, McDonnell MN, Hillier S. Use of objective psychomotor tests in health professionals. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;118(3):765\u2013804.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-72-6-291","volume":"72","author":"E Lauf","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lauf E, LeCompte G. Manual dexterity: its importance in podiatry. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1982;72(6):291\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Podiatry Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2003.03142.x","volume":"19","author":"P Ragert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ragert P, Schmidt A, Altenm\u00fcller E, Dinse HR. Superior tactile performance and learning in professional pianists: evidence for meta-plasticity in musicians. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19(2):473\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971;9(1):97\u2013113.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000217124.94291.98","volume":"102","author":"CW Buffington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buffington CW, MacMurdo SD, Ryan CM. Body position affects manual dexterity. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(6):1879\u201383.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"12","key":"1276_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052025","volume":"7","author":"SC Flavel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flavel SC, Koch JD, White JM, Todd G. Illicit stimulant use in humans is associated with a long-term increase in tremor. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52025.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"S3","key":"1276_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870131308","volume":"13","author":"M Hallett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hallett M. Overview of human tremor physiology. Mov Disord. 1998;13(S3):43\u20138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91364.2008","volume":"106","author":"G Todd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Todd G, Rogasch NC, Flavel SC, Ridding MC. Voluntary movement and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over human motor cortex. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(5):1593\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238156","volume":"53","author":"G Westling","year":"1984","unstructured":"Westling G, Johansson RS. Factors influencing the force control during precision grip. Exp Brain Res. 1984;53(2):277\u201384.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237997","volume":"56","author":"RS Johansson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Johansson RS, Westling G. Roles of glabrous skin receptors and sensorimotor memory in automatic control of precision grip when lifting rougher or more slippery objects. Exp Brain Res. 1984;56(3):550\u201364.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2081-0","volume":"161","author":"MN McDonnell","year":"2005","unstructured":"McDonnell MN, Ridding MC, Flavel SC, Miles TS. Effect of human grip strategy on force control in precision tasks. Exp Brain Res. 2005;161(3):368\u201373.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1276_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.11.029","volume":"85","author":"M G\u00f6lge","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00f6lge M, M\u00fcller M, Dreesmann M, Hoppe B, Wenzelburger R, Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP. Recovery of the precision grip in children after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(9):1435\u201344.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307300437","volume":"21","author":"MN McDonnell","year":"2007","unstructured":"McDonnell MN, Hillier SL, Miles TS, Thompson PD, Ridding MC. Influence of combined afferent stimulation and task-specific training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):435\u201343.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"1276_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg069","volume":"126","author":"J Duque","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duque J, Thonnard JL, Vandermeeren Y, Sebire G, Cosnard G, Olivier E. Correlation between impaired dexterity and corticospinal tract dysgenesis in congenital hemiplegia. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 3):732\u201347.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1276_CR15","volume-title":"Brain and intelligence: a quantitative study of the frontal lobes","author":"WC Halstead","year":"1947","unstructured":"Halstead WC. Brain and intelligence: a quantitative study of the frontal lobes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1947."},{"key":"1276_CR16","unstructured":"Mitrushina M, Boone KB, Razani J, D'Elia LF. Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR17","first-page":"69","volume":"66","author":"V Mathiowetz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(2):69\u201374.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1276_CR18","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Test Manual","author":"RL Trites","year":"1977","unstructured":"Trites RL. Neuropsychological Test Manual. Ottowa: Royal Ottowa Hospital; 1977."},{"key":"1276_CR19","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"MD Lezak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Loring DW, Howieson DB. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"12","key":"1276_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.12.1025","volume":"69","author":"J Bear-Lehman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bear-Lehman J, Abreu BC. Evaluating the hand: issues in reliability and validity. Phys Ther. 1989;69(12):1025\u201333.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1276_CR21","unstructured":"Miller KJ. Procedure for the sensory assessment of the hands using the Astex. Victoria: University of Melbourne; 2008."},{"issue":"12","key":"1276_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509342331","volume":"23","author":"KJ Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller KJ, Phillips B, Martin C, Wheat H, Goodwin A, Galea M. The AsTex \u00ae: clinimetric properties of a new tool for evaluating hand sensation following stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(12):1104\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198509)41:5<651::AID-JCLP2270410511>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"41","author":"RA Bornstein","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bornstein RA. Normative data on selected neuropsychological measures from a nonclinical sample. J Clin Psychol. 1985;41(5):651\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"1276_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1993.76.3c.1219","volume":"76","author":"RM Ruff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ruff RM, Parker SB. Gender- and age-specific changes in motor speed and eye-hand coordination in adults: normative values for the finger tapping and grooved pegboard tests. Percept Mot Skills. 1993;76(3 Pt 2):1219\u201330.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"1276_CR25","volume-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests : administration, norms, and commentary","author":"E Strauss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests : administration, norms, and commentary. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90139-C","volume":"2","author":"RS Johansson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Johansson RS, Cole KJ. Sensory-motor coordination during grasping and manipulative actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1992;2(6):815\u201323.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR27","first-page":"24","volume":"58","author":"E Neiburger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Neiburger E. Latex gloves and manual dexterity. A study of 50 Midwest dentists. N Y State Dent J. 1992;58(1):24\u20138.","journal-title":"N Y State Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR28","first-page":"124","volume":"79","author":"AM Phillips","year":"1997","unstructured":"Phillips AM, Birch NC, Ribbans WJ. Protective gloves for use in high-risk patients: how much do they affect the dexterity of the surgeon? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1997;79(2):124\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1991.9942036","volume":"23","author":"KJ Cole","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cole KJ. Grasp force control in older adults. J Mot Behav. 1991;23(4):251\u20138.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"1276_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-08-03238.1999","volume":"19","author":"KJ Cole","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cole KJ, Rotella DL, Harper JG. Mechanisms for age-related changes of fingertip forces during precision gripping and lifting in adults. J Neurosci. 1999;19(8):3238\u201347.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00222890309602123","volume":"35","author":"MA Gilles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilles MA, Wing AM. Age-related changes in grip force and dynamics of hand movement. J Mot Behav. 2003;35(1):79\u201385.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02337726","volume":"74","author":"H Kinoshita","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kinoshita H, Francis PR. A comparison of prehension force control in young and elderly individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;74(5):450\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3882-4","volume":"232","author":"S Mueller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mueller S, Winkelmann C, Krause F, Grunwald M. Occupation-related long-term sensory training enhances roughness discrimination but not tactile acuity. Exp Brain Res. 2014;232(6):1905\u201314.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"1276_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0514-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"M Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong M, Peters RM, Goldreich D. A physical constraint on perceptual learning: tactile spatial acuity improves with training to a limit set by finger size. J Neurosci. 2013;33(22):9345\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f3f3ab","volume":"43","author":"AR Marmon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marmon AR, Pascoe MA, Schwartz RS, Enoka RM. Associations among strength, steadiness, and hand function across the adult life span. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(4):560\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701789929","volume":"87","author":"L Clevin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clevin L, Grantcharov TP. Does box model training improve surgical dexterity and economy of movement during virtual reality laparoscopy? A randomised trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(1):99\u2013103.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)01213-8","volume":"185","author":"TP Grantcharov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Rosenberg J. Learning curves and impact of previous operative experience on performance on a virtual reality simulator to test laparoscopic surgical skills. Am J Surg. 2003;185(2):146\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-9043-7","volume":"18","author":"Y Munz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Munz Y, Kumar BD, Moorthy K, Bann S, Darzi A. Laparoscopic virtual reality and box trainers: is one superior to the other? Surg Endosc. 2004;18(3):485\u201394.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1276_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s004640000233","volume":"15","author":"J Torkington","year":"2001","unstructured":"Torkington J, Smith SGT, Rees BI, Darzi A. Skill transfer from virtual reality to a real laparoscopic task. Surg Endosc. 2001;15(10):1076\u20139.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"1276_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9485079","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9485079","volume":"2016","author":"G Todd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Todd G, Pearson-Dennett V, Flavel SC, Haberfield M, Edwards H, White JM. History of illicit stimulant use is not associated with long-lasting changes in learning of fine motor skills in humans. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:9485079.","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"12","key":"1276_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115771","volume":"9","author":"V Pearson-Dennett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pearson-Dennett V, Flavel SC, Wilcox RA, Thewlis D, Vogel AP, White JM, Todd G. Hand function is altered in individuals with a history of illicit stimulant use. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115771.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T19:05:31Z","timestamp":1564686331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1276-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) at the University of South Australia (Protocol no. 0000025462) and the University Human Research Ethics Committee (UHREC) at the Queensland University of Technology.All participants provided written, informed consent, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent forms have been retained in accordance with regulatory requirements.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"181"}}