{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:28:55Z","timestamp":1793140135044,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A virtual reality (VR) simulator is utilized as an inexpensive tool for gaining basic technical competence in robotic-assisted surgery (RAS). We evaluated operator 3D motion sickness while using a VR simulator and assessed whether it can be reduced by repeating the training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, a tertiary training hospital in an urban setting. A total of 30 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. We compared whether the VR simulator improved the students\u2019 skills in operating the da Vinci robot. Fifteen students underwent training with a VR simulator for 4\u00a0h a day for 5 days. Then, motion sickness was determined using the Visual Analog Scale and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before and after the training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Manipulation time significantly improved after training compared to before training (293.9\u2009\u00b1\u200972.4 versus 143.6\u2009\u00b1\u200918.4\u00a0s;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Although motion sickness worsened after each training session, it gradually improved with continuous practice with the VR simulator. SSQ subscores showed that the VR simulator induced nausea, disorientation, and oculomotor strain, and oculomotor strain was significantly improved with repeated training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In undergraduate students, practice with the VR simulator improved RAS skills and operator 3D motion sickness caused by 3D manipulation of the da Vinci robot.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02872-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T14:10:27Z","timestamp":1632233427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Improvement of three-dimensional motion sickness using a virtual reality simulator for robot-assisted surgery in undergraduate medical students: A prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Takata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsugu","family":"Kanehira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renpei","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigekatsu","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Obara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2872_CR1","unstructured":"Intuitive Surgical. 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Eur Urol. 2016;69:1065\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2872_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-019-00934-1","volume":"13","author":"E MacCraith","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacCraith E, Forde JC, Davis NF. Robotic simulation training for urological trainees: a comprehensive review on cost, merits and challenges. J Robot Surg. 2019;13:371\u20137.","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"2872_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4667-y","volume":"30","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka A, Graddy C, Simpson K, Perez M, Truong M, Smith R. Robotic surgery simulation validity and usability comparative analysis. 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No formal ethical approval was sought for this exploration of the training effect by the institutional review board, since significant social, emotional, physical, legal, or financial ethical risks were not identified or anticipated. In addition, ethical approval\u3000was waived by the institutional ethics committee of the Iwate Medical University School of Medicine. All participants were aged\u2009>\u200920 years and provided written informed consent prior to study participation and data publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"498"}}