{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:53:37Z","timestamp":1770836017945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, many higher education programs in Iran, including prosthetics and orthotics (P&amp;O), had to shift to the online environment all at once. This unanticipated transition was challenging for the educational system. However, online education is superior in some aspects to conventional methods, and this situation may offer opportunities. This study was carried out from September 2021 to March 2022 to investigate the challenges and opportunities of online education in the P&amp;O sector in Iran based on the opinions of students and faculty members. Relevant recommendations will also be discussed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted in both oral and written formats. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to recruit undergraduate and postgraduate P&amp;O students, as well as P&amp;O faculty members, for this qualitative study. The data gathered from interviews with study participants were analyzed by thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the data analysis, many sub-themes of the three main themes were recognized: (1) challenges: technical, socioeconomic, environmental distractors, supervision and evaluation, workload, digital competence, interactions, motivation, sessions-related issues, class time, hands-on and clinical training; (2) opportunities: technological innovations, infrastructure development, flexible learning environment, student-centered learning, availability of contents, time and cost saving, high concentration, more self-confidence; (3) recommendations: technical infrastructure, team dynamics, hybrid courses, time management, awareness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Online education of P&amp;O during the era of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by a series of challenges. Technical issues and the gravity of hands-on training in this field were significant challenges. This era, however, provided the opportunity to facilitate the establishment of needed infrastructure and support technological innovations for online education. Considering hybrid (mixed online and on-site) courses was recommended to improve the quality of learning.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T15:02:36Z","timestamp":1684249356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Online education for prosthetics and orthotics students in the era of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: challenges, opportunities, and recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahideh","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Babaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Aminian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Mojgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24115-7","volume":"12","author":"S Kwon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon S, Joshi AD, Lo C-H, Drew DA, Nguyen LH, Guo C-G, Ma W, Mehta RS, Shebl FM, Warner ET. Association of social distancing and face mask use with risk of COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0047239520934018","volume":"49","author":"S Dhawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhawan S. Online learning: a panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. J Educ Technol Syst. 2020;49(1):5\u201322.","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2021.1992373","volume":"44","author":"J Stojan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stojan J, Haas M, Thammasitboon S, Lander L, Evans S, Pawlik C, Pawilkowska T, Lew M, Khamees D, Peterson W. Online learning developments in undergraduate medical education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 69. Med Teach. 2022;44(2):109\u201329.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 3","key":"4339_CR4","first-page":"E53","volume":"62","author":"S Shahabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahabi S, Martini M, Behzadifar M, Sadati AK, Zarei L, Noroozi M, Tabrizi R, Heydari ST, Lankarani KB. How iranian people perceived the COVID-19 crisis? Explored findings from a qualitative study: current concerns, ethics and global solidarity. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021;62(1 Suppl 3):E53.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"4339_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adedoyin OB, Soykan E. Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31(2):863\u201375.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1813180"},{"issue":"5","key":"4339_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1754165","volume":"35","author":"M Jalali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalali M, Shahabi S, Bagheri Lankarani K, Kamali M, Mojgani P. COVID-19 and disabled people: perspectives from Iran. Disabil Soc. 2020;35(5):844\u20137.","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01231-z","volume":"31","author":"RE Baticulon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baticulon RE, Sy JJ, Alberto NRI, Baron MBC, Mabulay REC, Rizada LGT, Tiu CJS, Clarion CA, Reyes JCB. Barriers to online learning in the time of COVID-19: a national survey of medical students in the Philippines. Med Sci Educ. 2021;31(2):615\u201326.","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4339_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10589-x","volume":"26","author":"JS Barrot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barrot JS, Llenares II, Del Rosario LS. Students\u2019 online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: the case of the Philippines. Educ Inf Technol. 2021;26(6):7321\u201338.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"4339_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orleans M. Cases on critical and qualitative perspectives in online higher education. IGI Global; 2014.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-5051-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2162","volume":"15","author":"V Papa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papa V, Varotto E, Galli M, Vaccarezza M, Galassi FM. One year of anatomy teaching and learning in the outbreak: has the Covid-19 pandemic marked the end of a century\u2010old practice? A systematic review. Anat Sci Educ. 2022;15(2):261\u201380.","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.32598\/irj.17.1.31","volume":"17","author":"S Shahabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahabi S, Kamali M, Mobaraki H, Shafaroodi N, Saeedi H. Exploring the Challenges in Orthotics and Prosthetics Clinical Learning environments: a qualitative study. Iran Rehabil J. 2019;17(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Iran Rehabil J"},{"key":"4339_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahabi S, Pardhan S, Shabaninejad H, Teymourlouy AA, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB. Toward good governance for the prosthetics and orthotics sector in Iran: evidence from a qualitative study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2022;46(4):e398\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000102"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543076001093","volume":"76","author":"MK Tallent-Runnels","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tallent-Runnels MK, Thomas JA, Lan WY, Cooper S, Ahern TC, Shaw SM, Liu X. Teaching courses online: a review of the research. Rev Educ Res. 2006;76(1):93\u2013135.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4339_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"4339_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","volume":"89","author":"BC O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245\u201351.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4339_CR16","first-page":"643","volume":"28","author":"R Morrow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morrow R, Rodriguez A, King N. Colaizzi\u2019s descriptive phenomenological method. Psychologist. 2015;28(8):643\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR17","first-page":"604","volume":"25","author":"LL Lemon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lemon LL, Hayes J. Enhancing trustworthiness of qualitative findings: using Leximancer for qualitative data analysis triangulation. Qual Rep. 2020;25(3):604\u201314.","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"key":"4339_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30199-6_5","volume-title":"The application of content analysis in nursing science research","author":"H Kyng\u00e4s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyng\u00e4s H, K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen M, Elo S. The trustworthiness of content analysis. The application of content analysis in nursing science research. Berline: Springer; 2020: 41\u20138."},{"key":"4339_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabriz S, Mendzheritskaya J, Stehle S. Impact of synchronous and asynchronous settings of online teaching and learning in higher education on students\u2019 learning experience during COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1\u201316.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.733554"},{"key":"4339_CR20","unstructured":"Fastmetrics website. Available here: https:\/\/www.fastmetrics.com\/internet-connection-speed-by-country.php."},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR21","first-page":"45","volume":"2","author":"M Adnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adnan M, Anwar K. Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: students\u2019 perspectives. Online Submiss. 2020;2(1):45\u201351.","journal-title":"Online Submiss"},{"key":"4339_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimavat N, Singh S, Fichadiya N, Sharma P, Patel N, Kumar M, et al. Online medical education in India\u2013different challenges and probable solutions in the age of COVID-19. Am J Distance Educ. 2021:237\u201343.","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S295728"},{"issue":"12","key":"4339_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243958","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243958","volume":"15","author":"JW Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JW, Myung SJ, Yoon HB, Moon SH, Ryu H, Yim J-J. How medical education survives and evolves during COVID-19: our experience and future direction. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243958.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2020.1748491","volume":"35","author":"B Lazarevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lazarevic B, Bentz D. Student perception of stress in online and face-to-face learning: the exploration of stress determinants. Am J Distance Educ. 2021;35(1):2\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Distance Educ"},{"issue":"1 Sup2","key":"4339_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.18662\/rrem\/12.1sup2\/252","volume":"12","author":"RA Moawad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moawad RA. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and academic stress in university students. Revista Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 pentru Educa\u0163ie Multidimensional\u0103. 2020;12(1 Sup2):100\u20137.","journal-title":"Revista Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 pentru Educa\u0163ie Multidimensional\u0103"},{"key":"4339_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao H, Ou Y, Zhang Z, Ni M, Zhou X, Liao L. The relationship between family support and e-learning engagement in college students: the mediating role of e-learning normative consciousness and behaviors and self-efficacy. Front Psychol. 2021;12:573779.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.573779"},{"issue":"10","key":"4339_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12100685","volume":"12","author":"V Gaidelys","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaidelys V, \u010ciutien\u0117 R, Cibulskas G, Miliauskas S, Juk\u0161tait\u0117 J, Dum\u010diuvien\u0117 D. Assessing the socio-economic consequences of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educ Sci. 2022;12(10):685.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"4339_CR28","unstructured":"Mompremier L. Socioeconomic status and higher education adjustment. The SES Indicator 2009. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/ses\/resources\/indicator\/2009\/04\/adjustment."},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR29","first-page":"6","volume":"6","author":"MC Cuisia-Villanueva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuisia-Villanueva MC, N\u00fa\u00f1ez JL. A study on the impact of Socioeconomic Status on Emergency Electronic Learning during the Coronavirus Lockdown. FDLA J. 2021;6(1):6.","journal-title":"FDLA J"},{"key":"4339_CR30","first-page":"2018","volume":"26","author":"N Bowles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowles N. The digital gap between rich and poor kids is not what we expected. The New York Times. 2018;26:2018.","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130412331311390","volume":"48","author":"SP Banbury","year":"2005","unstructured":"Banbury SP, Berry DC. Office noise and employee concentration: identifying causes of disruption and potential improvements. Ergonomics. 2005;48(1):25\u201337.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR32","first-page":"29","volume":"20","author":"A Alphonse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alphonse A, Orellana A, Kanzki-Veloso E. How online students describe their physical learning environment. Q Rev Distance Educ. 2019;20(2):29\u201374.","journal-title":"Q Rev Distance Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR33","first-page":"115","volume":"13","author":"PA Willging","year":"2009","unstructured":"Willging PA, Johnson SD. Factors that influence students\u2019 decision to dropout of online courses. Online Learn. 2009;13(3):115\u201327.","journal-title":"Online Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11092-020-09340-w","volume":"32","author":"FM Guangul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guangul FM, Suhail AH, Khalit MI, Khidhir BA. Challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of COVID-19: a case study of Middle East College. Educ Assess Eval Account. 2020;32(4):519\u201335.","journal-title":"Educ Assess Eval Account"},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/0307507042000190778","volume":"29","author":"D Kember","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kember D. Interpreting student workload and the factors which shape students\u2019 perceptions of their workload. Stud High Educ. 2004;29(2):165\u201384.","journal-title":"Stud High Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2010.11.001","volume":"27","author":"J-R Ruiz-Gallardo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gallardo J-R, Casta\u00f1o S, G\u00f3mez-Alday JJ, Vald\u00e9s A. Assessing student workload in Problem Based Learning: Relationships among teaching method, student workload and achievement. A case study in Natural Sciences. Teach Teach Educ. 2011;27(3):619\u201327.","journal-title":"Teach Teach Educ"},{"key":"4339_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karingada KT, Sony M. Demonstration of the relationship between MSD and online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Appl Res High Educ. 2021;14(1):200\u201322.","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-08-2020-0269"},{"key":"4339_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrales C, Rojas J, Atoche W. Impact of pre-professional practices on the excessive mental workload of university engineering students. In: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics: 2020: Springer; 2020: 437\u2013444.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51549-2_57"},{"issue":"8","key":"4339_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1782_20","volume":"68","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Saleem SM, Singh A. Digital eye strain in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: an emerging public health threat. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(8):1709.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4339_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.012","volume":"58","author":"E Gustafsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gustafsson E, Thom\u00e9e S, Grimby-Ekman A, Hagberg M. Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: a five-year cohort study. Appl Ergon. 2017;58:208\u201314.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-020-00155-y","volume":"2","author":"C Rapanta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rapanta C, Botturi L, Goodyear P, Gu\u00e0rdia L, Koole M. Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigit Sci Educ. 2020;2(3):923\u201345.","journal-title":"Postdigit Sci Educ"},{"key":"4339_CR42","unstructured":"See BH, Wardle L, Collie P. Teachers\u2019 wellbeing and workload during Covid-19 lockdown. 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"4339_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11020042","volume":"11","author":"T Pavin Ivanec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavin Ivanec T. The lack of academic social interactions and students\u2019 learning difficulties during COVID-19 Faculty Lockdowns in Croatia: the mediating role of the perceived sense of life disruption caused by the pandemic and the Adjustment to Online studying. Soc Sci. 2022;11(2):42.","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"key":"4339_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2021.102444","volume":"85","author":"A Selvaraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selvaraj A, Radhin V, Nithin K, Benson N, Mathew AJ. Effect of pandemic based online education on teaching and learning system. Int J Educ Dev. 2021;85:102444.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR45","first-page":"242","volume":"41","author":"B El Mansour","year":"2007","unstructured":"El Mansour B, Mupinga DM. Students\u2019 positive and negative experiences in hybrid and online classes. Coll Stud J. 2007;41(1):242.","journal-title":"Coll Stud J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR46","first-page":"29","volume":"55","author":"J Gonzalez-Ramirez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Ramirez J, Mulqueen K, Zealand R, Silverstein S, Mulqueen C, BuShell S. Emergency online learning: college students\u2019 perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Coll Stud J. 2021;55(1):29\u201346.","journal-title":"Coll Stud J"},{"key":"4339_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hicks LJ, Caron EE, Smilek D. SARS-CoV-2 and learning: the impact of a global pandemic on undergraduate learning experiences. Scholarsh Teach Learn Psychol. 2021:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/stl0000250.","DOI":"10.1037\/stl0000250"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000996","volume":"13","author":"AF Tasso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tasso AF, Hisli Sahin N, San Roman GJ. COVID-19 disruption on college students: academic and socioemotional implications. Psychol Trauma. 2021;13(1):9.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"4339_CR49","unstructured":"Corpus JH, Robinson KA, Liu Z. Comparing College Students\u2019 Motivation Trajectories Before and During COVID-19: A Self-Determination Theory Approach. In: Frontiers in Education: Frontiers: 133."},{"key":"4339_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Means B, Neisler J. Suddenly online: A national survey of undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic. In.: Digital Promise; 2020.","DOI":"10.51388\/20.500.12265\/98"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13108","volume":"52","author":"M Usher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usher M, Hershkovitz A, Forkosh-Baruch A. From data to actions: instructors\u2019 decision making based on learners\u2019 data in online emergency remote teaching. Br J Educ Technol. 2021;52(4):1338\u201356.","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"4339_CR52","unstructured":"Walton GM, Brady ST. The many questions of belonging. In: Elliot AJ, Dweck CS, Yeager DS, editors. Handbook of competence and motivation: theory and application. The Guilford Press; 2017. pp. 272\u201393."},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9142-7","volume":"23","author":"Y-L Su","year":"2011","unstructured":"Su Y-L, Reeve J. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intervention programs designed to support autonomy. Educ Psychol Rev. 2011;23(1):159\u201388.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019545","volume":"102","author":"EA Patall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patall EA, Cooper H, Wynn SR. The effectiveness and relative importance of choice in the classroom. J J Educ Psychol. 2010;102(4):896.","journal-title":"J J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4339_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2014.06.004","volume":"40","author":"SH Cheon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheon SH, Reeve J. A classroom-based intervention to help teachers decrease students\u2019 amotivation. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2015;40:99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Contemp Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52547\/rme.12.4.1","volume":"12","author":"S Mehrdad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehrdad S, Dadgaran I, Taheri Ezbarmi Z, Taheri M, Asgari F, Akhoundzadeh L. The necessity of move towards virtual clinical teaching in the COVID 19 pandemic: introducing the SAID model for clinical teaching of Endocrine Diseases by Webside Teaching Method. Res Med Educ. 2020;12(4):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Res Med Educ"},{"key":"4339_CR57","unstructured":"Stacy Weiner: No classrooms, no clinics: Medical education during a pandemic. 2020 https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/news-insights\/no-classrooms-no-clinics-medical-education-during-pandemic."},{"key":"4339_CR58","unstructured":"Carr S. As distance education comes of age, the challenge is keeping the students. Chron High Educ. 2000;46(23):30\u201341."},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02682-z","volume":"21","author":"AA Hayat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayat AA, Keshavarzi MH, Zare S, Bazrafcan L, Rezaee R, Faghihi SA, Amini M, Kojuri J. Challenges and opportunities from the COVID-19 pandemic in medical education: a qualitative study. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4339_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666538","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2019.1666538","volume":"24","author":"L Pei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pei L, Wu H. Does online learning work better than offline learning in undergraduate medical education? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ Online. 2019;24(1):1666538.","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.152186","volume":"27","author":"V Niebuhr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niebuhr V, Niebuhr B, Trumble J, Urbani MJ. Online faculty development for creating E-learning materials. Educ Health. 2014;27(3):255.","journal-title":"Educ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4339_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-007-9037-5","volume":"12","author":"E Stacey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stacey E, Gerbic P. Teaching for blended learning\u2013\u2013Research perspectives from on-campus and distance students. Educ Inf Technol. 2007;12(3):165\u201374.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4339_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2006.02.002","volume":"23","author":"S-S Liaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liaw S-S, Huang H-M, Chen G-D. An activity-theoretical approach to investigate learners\u2019 factors toward e-learning systems. Comput Hum Behav. 2007;23(4):1906\u201320.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"4339_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisht RK, Jasola S, Bisht IP. Acceptability and challenges of online higher education in the era of COVID-19: a study of students\u2019 perspective. Asian Educ Dev Stud. 2020;11(2):401\u201314.","DOI":"10.1108\/AEDS-05-2020-0119"},{"key":"4339_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajab MH, Gazal AM, Alkattan K. Challenges to online medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e8966.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8966"},{"key":"4339_CR66","unstructured":"Moradi N, Orakifar N, Hoseini M, Bostani H, Eslami K, Iravani M, Izadpanah M, Borazjani F, Parsaei MP. Status of virtual teaching in clinical education of rehabilitation fields: a narrative review. Jundishapur Educ Dev J. 12(2):2021."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T17:06:19Z","timestamp":1684256779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04339-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Research Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences provided the ethical approval for this study (IR.IUMS.REC.1400.494) previously. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations such as Declarations of Helsinki. Informed consent for participating in this study was obtained from all the participants before the interview sessions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"342"}}