{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:22:44Z","timestamp":1791616964589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance has always been an important issue as antimicrobial therapies are becoming less effective due to incorrect use and overuse. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of social media education on spreading antimicrobial stewardship awareness among healthcare students and residents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A prospective interventional study was conducted over 5 months, from November 2021 until March 2022. Weekly educational posts on infectious diseases were posted along with pre- and post- quizzes on a designated Facebook page. The primary endpoint of change in knowledge score was assessed using the independent t-test. Expected average pre-training is 2.5 over 5, and the expected average post-training is a minimum of 3.5 over 5 (common standard deviation of 1) for a minimum of 20% improvement that produces an effect size d\u2009=\u20091. Expecting a larger number of respondents on the pre-test than post-test, the ratio N1\/N2 was set to 1.5. With the desired power set to 80% and alpha at 5%, sample size was determined as a minimum of 22 (N1) and 14 (N2). All analyses were carried at the 0.05 significance level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the entry questionnaire, 85.6% (107\/125) of participants believed that antibiotics are overused, 26.4% (33\/125) confirmed that they overuse antibiotics, and 88.8% (111\/125) confirmed the importance of having an antimicrobial stewardship program. 76.8% (96\/125) of the participants regularly use social media for educational purposes and only 2.4% sometimes refer to social media as an educational tool. Improvement in knowledge was noted in all pre and post \u2013 quizzes except for two quizzes (prostatitis and acute cystitis \u2013 18.4% and 13.2% improvement respectively). In total, there was a significant 36.2% improvement between all pre and post quizzes [min 13.2% and max 52.8% across all quizzes].<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This intervention demonstrated the importance of social media as a valuable tool to enhance antimicrobial stewardship knowledge among pharmacy, medical and nursing students and residents. Future studies are needed to examine the impact of social media education on behaviors in practice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T14:02:17Z","timestamp":1686924137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impact of social media education on antimicrobial stewardship awareness among pharmacy, medical and nursing students and residents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Atallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanine","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Dimassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissam K","family":"Kabbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4423_CR1","unstructured":"Filice G, Drekonja D, Greer N et al. 2020. INTRODUCTION. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK253510\/."},{"key":"4423_CR2","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in health \u2013 care facilities in low \u2013 and middle income countries. A WHO Practical Toolkit. 2019. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/329404\/9789241515481-eng.pdf."},{"key":"4423_CR3","unstructured":"Cdc.gov. 2020. Implementation Of Antibiotic Stewardship Core Elements At Small And Critical Access Hospitals| Antibiotic Use | CDC. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/core-elements\/small-critical.html."},{"key":"4423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pisano J, Pettit N, Bartlett A et al. Social media as a tool for antimicrobial stewardship. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(11):1231\u20131236. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.07.005. Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27810065\/.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.07.005"},{"key":"4423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.146","volume":"118","author":"EH Ibrahim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;118:146\u201355.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"4423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.231","volume":"40","author":"K Cawcutt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cawcutt K, Marcelin J, Silver J. Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention, hospital epidemiology, and antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(11):1262\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"4423_CR7","unstructured":"Tanja Pander M. 2020. The Use Of Facebook In Medical Education \u2013 A Literature Review. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4152997\/."},{"key":"4423_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","volume":"63","author":"AC Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious Diseases Society of America and the american thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:e61\u2013111.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber SR, Fullas F, Nelson KR et al. Retrospective evaluation of pharmacist in- terventions on use of antimicrobials using a clinical surveillance software in a small community hospital. Pharm (Basel) 2016;4(4) [pii:E32].","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy4040032"},{"issue":"10","key":"4423_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578717726869","volume":"52","author":"RJ Ghamrawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghamrawi RJ, Kantorovich A, Bauer SR, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial stewardship-related alerts using a clinical decision support system. Hosp Pharm. 2017;52(10):679\u201384.","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"4423_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S290835","volume":"13","author":"MAA Majumder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majumder MAA, Rahman S, Cohall D, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship: fighting Antimicrobial Resistance and protecting global Public Health. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4713\u201338.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"4423_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25892","DOI":"10.2196\/25892","volume":"7","author":"M Katz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katz M, Nandi N. Social Media and Medical Education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: scoping review. JMIR Med Educ. 2021;7(2):e25892.","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143720966280","volume":"22","author":"A Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong A, Ho S, Olusanya O, et al. The use of social media and online communications in times of pandemic COVID-19. J Intensive Care Soc. 2021;22(3):255\u201360.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1686924175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04423-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This interventional study was approved by the Lebanese American University \u2013 Institutional Review Board (LAU-IRB) board and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was electronically obtained from all subjects filling the survey.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"446"}}