{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:04Z","timestamp":1777505104526,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cricothyrotomy is a procedure performed to establish an airway in critical airway events. It is performed only rarely and anesthesiologists are often unprepared when called upon to perform it. This study aimed to simulate cricothyrotomy using pig larynx and trachea models to help anesthesiologists master cricothyrotomy and improve the ability to establish cricothyrotomy quickly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The porcine larynx and trachea were dissected and covered with pigskin to simulate the structure of the anterior neck of a human patient. An animal model of cricothyrotomy was established. Forty anesthesiologists were randomly divided into four groups. Each physician performed three rounds of cricothyrotomy, and recorded the time to accomplish each successful operation. After training the cricothyrotomy procedure, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the participating residents using a Likert scale. The participants were asked to score the utility of the training course on a scale of 1 ((minimum) to 5 ((maximum).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through repeated practice, compared with the time spent in the first round of the operation (67\u2009\u00b1\u200929\u00a0s), the time spent in the second round of the operation (47\u2009\u00b1\u200921\u00a0s) and the time spent in the third round of the operation (36\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0s) were significantly shortened (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Results of the survey after training were quite satisfied, reflecting increased the ability of proficiency in locating the cricothyroid membrane and performing a surgical cricothyrotomy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The porcine larynx and trachea model is an excellent animal model for simulating and practicing cricothyrotomy, helping anesthesiologists to master cricothyrotomy and to perform it proficiently when required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T05:02:54Z","timestamp":1691384574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Establishment and application of cricothyrotomy in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fengxiang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cailing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxue","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"136","key":"4558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004002","volume":"2022","author":"JL Apfelbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Connis RT, et al. American society of anesthesiologists practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology. 2022;2022(136):31\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004002.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4558_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000138","volume":"58","author":"V Hubert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hubert V, Duwat A, Deransy R, et al. Effect of simulation on compliance with difficult airway management algorithms, technical ability, and skills retention for emergency Cricothyrotomy. Surv Anesthesiol. 2014;58(6):279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000138.","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4558_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181a1f892","volume":"53","author":"Z Friedman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friedman Z, You-Ten K, Bould D, et al. Teaching lifesaving procedures: the impact of model fidelity on acquisition and transfer of cricothyrotomy skills to performance on cadavers[J]. Surv Anesthesiol. 2009;53(4):161\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181a1f892.","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"key":"4558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer059","volume":"5","author":"TM Cook","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, et al. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth. 2011;5:632\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aer059.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"4558_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2010.10.002","volume":"23","author":"EJ Holak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holak EJ, Kaslow O, Pagel PS. Who teaches surgical airway management and how do they teach it? A survey of United States anesthesiology training programs. J Clin Anesth. 2011;23(4):275\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2010.10.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"4558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.12089\/jca.2018.09.021","volume":"34","author":"D Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang D, Zhi J, Deng XM, et al. Questionnaire survey and analysis of cricothyroidotomy. J Clin Anesthesiol. 2018;34(9):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12089\/jca.2018.09.021.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"4558_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veenstra B R, Wojtowicz A, Walsh N, et al. The Emergency Surgical Airway: Bridging the gap from quality outcome to performance improvement through a novel simulation based curriculum. Am J Surg, 2018, 217. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.09.026.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.09.026"},{"issue":"5","key":"4558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1304100508","volume":"41","author":"K Shetty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shetty K, Nayyar V, Stachowski E, et al. Training for cricothyroidotomy. 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AEM Educ Train. 2019;3(3):280\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aet2.10333.","journal-title":"AEM Educ Train"},{"issue":"5","key":"4558_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000364","volume":"14","author":"D Mandell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mandell D, Orebaugh SL. A porcine model for learning ultrasound anatomy of the larynx and ultrasound-guided Cricothyrotomy. Simul Healthc. 2019;14(5):343\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000364.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T15:19:27Z","timestamp":1700493567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04558-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2365694\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This project comes from the Teaching Reform Project of Ningxia Medical University (NYJY2021004), which has been reviewed and approved for implementation after discussion by the expert Committee of Ningxia Medical University. The ethics committee of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University believes that this project has passed the expert review of Ningxia Medical University, so we do not need ethical review. Animal models are not derived from living specimens and are not subject to ethical approval; Participants have been trained before the implementation of the project, and they were well informed about the project. We conducted this study according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Moreover, our data collection is objective and real, without any privacy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"552"}}