{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:50:40Z","timestamp":1783335040643,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012940","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The global trend of legalizing medical cannabis (MC) is on the rise. In Germany, physicians have prescribed MC at the expense of health insurers since 2017. However, the teaching on MC has been scant in medical training. This study investigates medical students\u2019 attitudes and perceived competence regarding MC and evaluates how varying materials (videos\/articles) impact their opinions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fourth-year medical students were invited to participate in the cross-sectional study. During an online session, students viewed a video featuring a patient with somatoform pain discussing her medical history, plus one of four randomly assigned MC-related materials (each an article and a video depicting a positive or negative perspective on MC). Students\u2019 opinions were measured at the beginning [T0] and the end of the course [T1] using a standardized questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. We assessed the influence of the material on the students\u2019 opinions using paired-sample t-tests. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc tests were conducted to compare the four groups. Pearson correlations assessed correlations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>150 students participated in the course, the response rate being 75.3% [T0] and 72.7% [T1]. At T0, students felt a little competent regarding MC therapy (M\u2009=\u20091.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82). At T1, students in groups 1 (positive video) and 3 (positive article) rated themselves as more capable in managing MC therapy <jats:inline-formula><jats:tex-math>$$ (\\text{t}\\left(28\\right)=-3.816,\\text{p}&lt;0.001; \\text{t}\\left(23\\right)=-4.153,\\text{p}&lt;0.001)$$<\/jats:tex-math><\/jats:inline-formula>, and students in groups 3 (positive article) and 4 (negative article) felt more skilled in treating patients with chronic pain <jats:inline-formula><jats:tex-math>$$ (\\text{t}\\left(23\\right)=-2.251,\\text{p}=0.034;\\text{t}\\left(30\\right)=-2.034;\\text{p}=0.051)$$<\/jats:tex-math><\/jats:inline-formula>. Compared to the other groups, group 2 students (negative video) felt significantly less competent. They perceived cannabis as addictive, hazardous and unsuitable for medical prescription.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study showed that medical students lack knowledge and perceived competence in MC therapy. Material influences their opinions in different ways, and they seek more training on MC. This underlines that integrating MC education into medical curricula is crucial to address this knowledge gap.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T12:02:08Z","timestamp":1707998528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Medical students\u2019 attitudes and perceived competence regarding medical cannabis and its suggestibility"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Denneler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Mahling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Stengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Zipfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Herrmann-Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Festl-Wietek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5089_CR1","volume-title":"WORLD DRUG REPORT 2022","author":"UNODC","year":"2022","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2022. New York: United Nations; 2022."},{"key":"5089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4123","volume":"127","author":"KP Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill KP, Palastro MD. Medical cannabis for the treatment of chronic pain and other disorders: misconceptions and facts. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017;127:785\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.4123","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"5089_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2013.805976","volume":"45","author":"A Hazekamp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hazekamp A, Ware MA, Muller-Vahl KR, Abrams D, Grotenhermen F. The medicinal use of cannabis and cannabinoids\u2013an international cross-sectional survey on administration forms. J Psychoact Drugs. 2013;45:199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2013.805976","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"5089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000057149","volume":"6","author":"F Grotenhermen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grotenhermen F. Die Wirkungen Von Cannabis und THC. [The effects of cannabis and THC]. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999;6(Suppl 3):7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000057149","journal-title":"Forsch Komplementarmed"},{"key":"5089_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1071\/AH19066","volume":"44","author":"A Drosdowsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drosdowsky A, Blaschke S, Koproski T, Fullerton S, Thakerar A, Ellen S, et al. Cancer patients\u2019 use of and attitudes towards medicinal cannabis. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44:650\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH19066","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"5089_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.037","volume":"273","author":"JE Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez JE, Munteis E, Carre\u00f1o M, Blanco Y, Roquer J, Abanades S, et al. Cannabis use in Spanish patients with multiple sclerosis: fulfilment of patients\u2019 expectations? J Neurol Sci. 2008;273:103\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.037","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0300891620912022","volume":"106","author":"M Podda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Podda M, Pagani Bagliacca E, Sironi G, Veneroni L, Silva M, Angi M, et al. Cannabinoids use in adolescents and young adults with cancer: a single-center survey. Tumori. 2020;106:281\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300891620912022","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"5089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106458","volume":"99","author":"R von Wrede","year":"2019","unstructured":"von Wrede R, Moskau-Hartmann S, Amarell N, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Knowledge, expectations and fears of cannabis use of epilepsy patients at a tertiary epilepsy center. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;99:106458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106458","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"5089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-018-1761-x","volume":"188","author":"C Rochford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rochford C, Edgeworth D, Hashim M, Harmon D. Attitudes of Irish patients with chronic pain towards medicinal cannabis. Ir J Med Sci. 2019;188:267\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-018-1761-x","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"5089_CR10","unstructured":"Dydyk AM, Conermann T, StatPearls. Chronic Pain. Treasure Island (FL); 2022."},{"key":"5089_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231550","author":"L Dunphy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunphy L, Penna M, El-Kafsi J. Somatic symptom disorder: a diagnostic dilemma. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231550","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"5089_CR12","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin und \u00c4rztliche. Psychotherapie e.V. (DGPM), Deutsches Kollegium f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin e.V. (DKPM). S3-Leitlinie Funktionelle K\u00f6rperbeschwerden. 05.01.2024. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/051-001"},{"key":"5089_CR13","unstructured":"Spitzenverband Bund der Krankenkassen. Sonderbeilage zur GKV-Arzneimittel-Schnellinformation f\u00fcr Deutschland: Bruttoums\u00e4tze und Verordnungen von Cannabinoidhaltigen Fertigarzneimitteln und Zubereitungen von Januar bis Juni 2023. Berlin; 10.10.2023."},{"key":"5089_CR14","unstructured":"Cremer-Schaeffer P. Abschlussbericht Der Begleiterhebung Nach \u00a7 31 Absatz 6 Des F\u00fcnften Buches Sozialgesetzbuch Zur Verschreibung Und Anwendung Von Cannabisarzneimitteln. Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte; 2022."},{"key":"5089_CR15","unstructured":"Horlemann J, Sch\u00fcrmann N. DGS - PraxisLeitlinien Schmerzmedizin: Hilfsmittel f\u00fcr die Praxis Cannabis in Der Schmerzmedizin. Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Schmerzmedizin e.V."},{"key":"5089_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102237","volume":"48","author":"A Benavides","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benavides A, Gregorio N, Gupta P, Kogan M. Medical students are unprepared to counsel patients about medical cannabis and want to learn more. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102237","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"5089_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102675","volume":"58","author":"Y Zolotov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zolotov Y, Metri S, Calabria E, Kogan M. Medical cannabis education among healthcare trainees: a scoping review. Complement Ther Med. 2021;58:102675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102675","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"5089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216556","volume":"14","author":"KM Gardiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gardiner KM, Singleton JA, Sheridan J, Kyle GJ, Nissen LM. Health professional beliefs, knowledge, and concerns surrounding medicinal cannabis - A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0216556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216556","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909115604669","volume":"34","author":"BH Carlini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlini BH, Garrett SB, Carter GT. Medicinal Cannabis: a Survey among Health Care providers in Washington State. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2017;34:85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049909115604669","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"key":"5089_CR20","volume-title":"Basisbuch Q14 Schmerzmedizin: Lehrbuch f\u00fcr das Querschnittfach Schmerzmedizin Nach Der Neuen AO; (f\u00fcr die Adhoc Kommission Studienordnungen Der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V)","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kopf A, Rittner H, Karst M, Sabatowski R, editors. Basisbuch Q14 Schmerzmedizin: Lehrbuch f\u00fcr das Querschnittfach Schmerzmedizin Nach Der Neuen AO; (f\u00fcr die Adhoc Kommission Studienordnungen Der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V). 29th ed. Berlin: Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft; 2015.","edition":"29"},{"key":"5089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3109\/10826087809039344","volume":"13","author":"MS Goodstadt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Goodstadt MS, Cook G, Magid S, Gruson V. The Drug attitudes Scale (DAS): its development and evaluation. Int J Addict. 1978;13:1307\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826087809039344","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"5089_CR22","unstructured":"M\u00fcller AK. Cannabis bei Krebs\u2013 Berechtigter Einsatz in der Schmerztherapie? 2019. https:\/\/www.krebsgesellschaft.de\/onko-internetportal\/basis-informationen-krebs\/nebenwirkungen-der-therapie\/cannabis-bei-krebs-ein-fester-platz-in-der-schmerzther.html"},{"key":"5089_CR23","unstructured":"PB\/aerzteblatt.de. Wirksamkeit von Cannabis als Medizin zweifelhaft. 2018. https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/nachrichten\/95270\/Wirksamkeit-von-Cannabis-als-Medizin-zweifelhaft#:~:text=Die%20Studienlage%20zu%20Wirksamkeit%20und,werden%20sollte%E2%80%9C%2C%20erkl%C3%A4rte%20Glaeske. Accessed 21 Jun 2021."},{"key":"5089_CR24","volume-title":"Statistics for business and economics","author":"P Newbold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newbold P, Carlson WL, Thorne BM. Statistics for business and economics. 8th ed. Boston, Mass., Munich: Pearson; 2013.","edition":"8"},{"key":"5089_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1026\/0033-3042.60.1.26","volume":"60","author":"KD Kubinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kubinger KD, Rasch D, Moder K. Zur Legende Der Voraussetzungen Des t -Tests f\u00fcr unabh\u00e4ngige Stichproben. Psychologische Rundschau. 2009;60:26\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0033-3042.60.1.26","journal-title":"Psychologische Rundschau"},{"key":"5089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salkind NJ. Encyclopedia of research design: vol. Volume 1. sage; 2010.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412961288"},{"key":"5089_CR27","volume-title":"Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing","author":"RR Wilcox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilcox RR. Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Boston: Academic Press; 2012.","edition":"3"},{"key":"5089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.10.024","volume":"219","author":"B Di Chiaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Chiaro B, Sweigert PJ, Patel PP, Kabaker AS. Many medical students applying for surgical residency feel inadequately prepared to prescribe post-operative opioids. Am J Surg. 2020;219:411\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.10.024","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"5089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-03058-z","volume":"22","author":"JR Adalbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adalbert JR, Ilyas AM. A focus on the future of opioid prescribing: implementation of a virtual opioid and pain management module for medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-03058-z","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"5089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102720","volume":"59","author":"S Likhitsathian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Likhitsathian S, Edelstein OE, Srisurapanont M, Zolotov Y, Karawekpanyawong N, Reznik A, Isralowitz R. Cross national comparison of medical students\u2019 attitudes and beliefs about medical cannabis and its application for pain management. Complement Ther Med. 2021;59:102720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102720","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"5089_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102274","volume":"48","author":"V Gritsenko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Reznik A, Isralowitz R. Russian Federation medical student knowledge, attitudes and beliefs toward medical cannabis. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102274","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"5089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00100-1","volume":"3","author":"JM Weisman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weisman JM, Rodr\u00edguez M. A systematic review of medical students\u2019 and professionals\u2019 attitudes and knowledge regarding medical cannabis. J Cannabis Res. 2021;3:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00100-1","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"5089_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13161","volume":"22","author":"KYC Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng KYC, Harnett JE, Davis SR, Eassey D, Law S, Smith L. Healthcare professionals\u2019 perspectives on the use of medicinal cannabis to manage chronic pain: a systematic search and narrative review. Pain Pract. 2022;22:718\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13161","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"5089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmaa151","volume":"38","author":"VA Christensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christensen VA, Nugent SM, Ayers CK, Morasco BJ, Kansagara D. A qualitative study of VHA clinicians\u2019 knowledge and perspectives on cannabis for medical purposes. Fam Pract. 2021;38:479\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmaa151","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"5089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107102","volume":"109","author":"M Szaflarski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szaflarski M, McGoldrick P, Currens L, Blodgett D, Land H, Szaflarski JP, Segal E. Attitudes and knowledge about cannabis and cannabis-based therapies among US neurologists, nurses, and pharmacists. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;109:107102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107102","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"5089_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz322","volume":"21","author":"D Kansagara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kansagara D, Morasco BJ, Iacocca MO, Bair MJ, Hooker ER, Becker WC. Clinician Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding Cannabis: results from a National Veterans Health Administration Survey. Pain Med. 2020;21:3180\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnz322","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"5089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.028","volume":"185","author":"SR Sznitman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sznitman SR, Lewis N. Examining effects of medical cannabis narratives on beliefs, attitudes, and intentions related to recreational cannabis: a web-based randomized experiment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:219\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.028","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28354","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28354","volume":"14","author":"TA Clobes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clobes TA, Arellano M, Gagnon M, Klaiman C. Differences in attitudes toward Medical Cannabis with Humanized patient scenarios. Cureus. 2022;14:e28354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28354","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"5089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12836","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12836","volume":"27","author":"S Melnikov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melnikov S, Aboav A, Shalom E, Phriedman S, Khalaila K. The effect of attitudes, subjective norms and stigma on health-care providers\u2019 intention to recommend medicinal cannabis to patients. Int J Nurs Pract. 2021;27:e12836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.12836","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T12:03:09Z","timestamp":1707998589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05089-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of T\u00fcbingen Medical Faculty (no. 578\/2021B02). Alignment with the rules of the Helsinki declaration was ensured by obtaining informed consent from all participants and by guaranteeing voluntary participation, confidentiality and freedom to withdraw from the study at any point in time without any explanation. Students did not receive any reimbursement for participating. All responses and data were kept anonymous.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"149"}}