{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1773062603515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM007753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM007753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2T32EB001680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T32EB001680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1DA049412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1DA049412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006919","name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Naloxone is an effective and safe opioid reversal medication now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use with or without a prescription. Despite this, naloxone dissemination lags at a time when U.S. opioid-related mortality expands. The authors proposed distributing naloxone to all U.S. medical students using established statewide standing prescription orders for naloxone, eliminating the financial burden of over-the-counter costs on students and streamlining workflow for the pharmacy. By focusing naloxone distribution on medical students, we are able to capitalize on a group that is already primed on healthcare intervention, while also working to combat stigma in the emerging physician workforce.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Beginning August 2022, the authors established a partnership between Harvard Medical School (HMS) and the outpatient pharmacy at Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (BWH) to facilitate access to naloxone for HMS medical students. BWH developed a HIPAA-secure electronic form to collect individual prescription information. BWH pharmacists processed submissions daily, integrating the naloxone prescription requests into their workflow for in-person pick-up or mail-order delivery. The electronic form was disseminated to medical students through a required longitudinal addiction medicine curriculum, listserv messaging, and an extracurricular harm reduction workshop.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Over the 2022\u20132023 academic year, 63 medical students obtained naloxone kits (two doses per kit) through this collaboration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We propose that medical schools advocate for a hospital pharmacy-initiated workflow focused on convenience and accessibility to expand naloxone access to medical students as a strategy to strengthen the U.S. emergency response and prevention efforts aimed at reducing opioid-related morbidity and mortality. Expansion of our program to BWH internal medicine residents increased our distribution to over 110 healthcare workers, and efforts to expand the program to other BWH training programs and clinical sites such as the emergency department and outpatient infectious disease clinics are underway. With more than 90,000 medical students in the U.S., we believe that widespread implementation of targeted naloxone training and distribution to this population is an accessible approach to combating the public health crisis of opioid-related overdoses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05221-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T12:02:26Z","timestamp":1709726546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Systemized approach to equipping medical students with naloxone: a student-driven initiative to combat the opioid crisis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shahin A.","family":"Saberi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sienna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory Vu","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary B.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Shahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Barreveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary S.","family":"Connery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5221_CR1","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Cisewksi J, Rossen L, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. Published July 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm. Accessed 24 Jul  2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"5221_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230","volume":"29","author":"L Chimbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chimbar L, Moleta Y. Naloxone effectiveness: a systematic review. J Addict Nurs. 2018;29(3):167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000230.","journal-title":"J Addict Nurs"},{"key":"5221_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on Naloxone and Opioid Overdose. HHS.gov. Published April 3, 2018. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/surgeongeneral\/reports-and-publications\/addiction-and-substance-misuse\/advisory-on-naloxone\/index.html. Accessed 24 Jul 2023."},{"key":"5221_CR4","unstructured":"State Naloxone Access Rules and Resources. SAFE project. https:\/\/www.safeproject.us\/naloxone\/awareness-project\/state-rules\/. 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This study does not contain any experiments on humans and\/or use of human tissue samples. Because there were no data collected on human subjects for this work, the study was deemed not to be human subjects research in accordance with the Harvard Longwood Campus Institutional Review Board (IRB) Decision Tool and no informed consent was required for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"241"}}