{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:59:30Z","timestamp":1790877570187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tauno Palva foundation"},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital research fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In otosurgical training, cadaveric temporal bones are primarily used to provide a realistic tactile experience. However, using cadaveric temporal bones is challenging due to their limited availability, high cost, and potential for infection. Utilizing current three-dimensional (3D) technologies could overcome the limitations associated with cadaveric bones. This study focused on how a 3D-printed middle ear model can be used in otosurgical training.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cadaveric temporal bone was imaged using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to generate a 3D model of the middle ear. The final model was printed from transparent photopolymers using a laser-based 3D printer (vat photopolymerization), yielding a 3D-printed phantom of the external ear canal and middle ear. The feasibility of this phantom for otosurgical training was evaluated through an ossiculoplasty simulation involving ten otosurgeons and ten otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS) residents. The participants were tasked with drilling, scooping, and placing a 3D-printed partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP). Following the simulation, a questionnaire was used to collect the participants' opinions and feedback.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A transparent photopolymer was deemed suitable for both the middle ear phantom and PORP. The printing procedure was precise, and the anatomical landmarks were recognizable. Based on the evaluations, the phantom had realistic maneuverability, although the haptic feedback during drilling and scooping received some criticism from ORL-HNS residents. Both otosurgeons and ORL-HNS residents were optimistic about the application of these 3D-printed models as training tools.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The 3D-printed middle ear phantom and PORP used in this study can be used for low-threshold training in the future. The integration of 3D-printed models in conventional otosurgical training holds significant promise.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05436-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T14:02:26Z","timestamp":1713967346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Integration of 3D-printed middle ear models and middle ear prostheses in otosurgical training"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sini","family":"L\u00e4hde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Hirsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saku T.","family":"Sinkkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2020.12.004","volume":"7","author":"WW Chien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chien WW, Da Cruz MJ, Francis HW. Validation of a 3D-printed human temporal bone model for otology surgical skill training. World J Otorhinolaryngol - Head Neck Surg. 2021;7(2):88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wjorl.2020.12.004.","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol - Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"5436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skrzat J, Zdilla MJ, Brzegowy P, Ho\u0142da M. 3 D printed replica of the human temporal bone intended for teaching gross anatomy. Folia Med Cracov. 2019;59(3):23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/fmc.2019.131133.","DOI":"10.24425\/fmc.2019.131133"},{"issue":"5","key":"5436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002619","volume":"41","author":"P Mukherjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukherjee P, Cheng K, Wallace G, et al. 20 Year Review of Three-dimensional Tools in Otology: Challenges of Translation and Innovation. 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The Institutional Review Board at Helsinki University Hospital approved the study protocol and the use of anonymous cadaveric temporal bones (Approval No. \u00a749\/29.10.2020, HUS\/58\/2020). The temporal bone was dissected at the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, with the permission of the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Permission No. 6834\/06.01.03.01\/2013).All the participants gave their informed consent to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"451"}}