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Practical application of the knowledge taught can be challenging for medical students and inexperienced clinicians. Simulation-based training, including virtual reality (VR), has proven to be a valuable adjunct to real-world experiences in trauma education. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of VR simulations for surgical and technical skills training. However, there is limited evidence on VR simulation training specifically for trauma education, particularly within the ATLS curriculum. The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and acceptance of using a fully immersive VR trauma simulation to prepare medical students for the ATLS course.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a prospective randomised controlled pilot study on a convenience sample of advanced medical students (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956; intervention group with adjunct training using a commercially available semi-automated trauma VR simulation, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928, vs control group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928) taking part in the ATLS course of the Military Physician Officer School.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Feasibility was assessed by evaluating factors related to technical factors of the VR training (e.g. rate of interruptions and premature termination). Objective and subjective effectiveness was assessed using confidence ratings at four pre-specified points in the curriculum, validated surveys, clinical scenario scores, multiple choice knowledge tests, and ATLS final clinical scenario and course pass rates. Acceptance was measured using validated instruments to assess variables of media use (Technology acceptance, usability, presence and immersion, workload, and user satisfaction).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The feasibility assessment demonstrated that only one premature termination occurred and that all remaining participants in the intervention group correctly stabilised the patient. No significant differences between the two groups in terms of objective effectiveness were observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.832 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.237 for the pretest and final knowledge test, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.485 for the pass rates for the final clinical scenario on the first attempt; all participants passed the ATLS course). In terms of subjective effectiveness, the authors found significantly improved confidence post-VR intervention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) in providing emergency care using the ATLS principles. Perceived usefulness in the TEI was stated with a mean of 4 (SD 0.8; range 0\u20135). Overall acceptance and usability of the VR simulation was rated as positive (System Usability Scale total score mean 79.4 (SD 11.3, range 0\u2013100).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The findings of this prospective pilot study indicate the potential of using VR trauma simulations as a feasible and acceptable supplementary tool for the ATLS training course. Where objective effectiveness regarding test and scenario scores remained unchanged, subjective effectiveness demonstrated improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Future research should focus on identifying specific scenarios and domains where VR can outperform or enhance traditional learning methods in trauma simulation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05645-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1718629329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Virtual reality simulation to enhance advanced trauma life support trainings \u2013 a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tanja","family":"Birrenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad Eric","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul-Martin","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf E.","family":"Hautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristomenis K.","family":"Exadaktylos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Wespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Christian","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5645_CR1","unstructured":"ACS. 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All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for study participation and publication of study results was obtained from each participant. No individual details are revealed in the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"WEH has received research funding from the European Union, the Swiss National Science foundation, Zoll foundation, Dr\u00e4ger Medical Germany, Mundipharma Research UK, MDI International Australia, Roche Diagnostics Germany, all outside the submitted work.\u00a0WEH has provided paid consultancies to AO foundation Switzerland, MDI International Australia, and SIWF, all outside the submitted work.WEH has received financial support for a congress he chaired from EBSCO Germany, Isabel Healthcare UK, Mundipharma Medical Switzerland, VisualDx USA, all outside the submitted work.MM has been funded by the Bangerter Foundation and the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences through the \"Young Talents in Clinical Research\" (grant TCR 14\/17) as well with an in-house grant of the Clinical Trial Unit and research grants from the Swiss heart foundation.TCS holds the endowed professorship of emergency telemedicine at the University of Bern sponsored by the Touring Club Switzerland. The sponsor has no influence on the research or decision to publish.\u00a0The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"666"}}