{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:58:05Z","timestamp":1791140285589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006954","name":"Tufts Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:40:47Z","timestamp":1735864847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The usability of a virtual reality augmented training program to teach goniometry to occupational therapy students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"O\u2019Shanassy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6430-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"6384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2020-00061","volume":"2","author":"GE Thibault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thibault GE. The future of health professions education: emerging trends in the United States. FASEB BioAdvances. 2020;2(12):685\u201394.","journal-title":"FASEB BioAdvances"},{"issue":"6","key":"6384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2023.050402","volume":"77","author":"R Hamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed R, Banks TM, Mahoney D, Simon P, Timmerberg JF, Nilsen DM. A call to shift to competency-based education. Am J Occup Ther. 2023;77(6):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"6384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.501190","volume":"32","author":"JR Frank","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frank JR, Snell LS, Cate OT, Holmboe ES, Carraccio C, Swing SR, et al. Competency-based medical education: Theory to practice. Med Teach. 2010;32(8):638\u201345.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"6384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","volume":"147","author":"J Radianti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I. A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ. 2020;147:103778.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"6384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13023","volume":"51","author":"B Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu B, Yu X, Gu X. Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality using head-mounted displays on learning performance: a meta\u2010analysis. Br J Edu Technol. 2020;51(6):1991\u20132005.","journal-title":"Br J Edu Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6384_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.01.002","volume":"35","author":"JJ Zigmont","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zigmont JJ, Kappus LJ, Sudikoff SN. Theoretical foundations of learning through simulation. Semin Perinatol. 2011;35(2):47\u201351.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"6384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104593","volume":"189","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang H, Hwang G-J, Jong MS-Y. Technological solutions for promoting employees\u2019 knowledge levels and practical skills: an SVVR-based blended learning approach for professional training. Comput Educ. 2022;189:104593.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"6384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu B, Chang X, Hu Y. A meta-analysis of the effects of spherical video-based virtual reality on cognitive and non-cognitive learning outcomes. Interact Learn Environ. 2023:1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2184389"},{"issue":"2","key":"6384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11549-9","volume":"29","author":"P Rosendahl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosendahl P, Wagner I. 360\u00b0 videos in education \u2013 a systematic literature review on application areas and future potentials. Educ Inform Technol. 2024;29(2):1319\u201355.","journal-title":"Educ Inform Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1661854","volume":"30","author":"C-Y Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang C-Y, Sung H-Y, Guo J-L, Chang B-Y, Kuo F-R. Effects of spherical video-based virtual reality on nursing students\u2019 learning performance in childbirth education training. Interact Learn Environ. 2022;30(3):400\u201316.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"6384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.2000435","volume":"31","author":"H Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang H, Hwang G-J, Chang S-C. Facilitating decision making in authentic contexts: an SVVR-based experiential flipped learning approach for professional training. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31(8):5219\u201335.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"6384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilteni K, Groten R, Slater M. The Sense of Embodiment in Virtual Reality. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments. 2012;21(4):373\u2009\u2013\u200987.","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00124"},{"key":"6384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danry V, Pataranutaporn P, Mueller F, Maes P, Leigh S-w, editors. On Eliciting a sense of self when integrating with computers. Proceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference 2022.2022:68\u201381.","DOI":"10.1145\/3519391.3519414"},{"key":"6384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104764","volume":"198","author":"S Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu S, Liu Q, Johnson-Glenberg MC, Han M, Ma J, Ba S, et al. Promoting musical instrument learning in virtual reality environment: effects of embodiment and visual cues. Comput Educ. 2023;198:104764.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"6384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.50343","volume":"4","author":"B Gabbott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabbott B, Tennent D, Snelgrove H. Effect of mental rehearsal on team performance and non-technical skills in surgical teams: systematic review. BJS open. 2020;4(6):1062\u201371.","journal-title":"BJS open"},{"key":"6384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120870","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006280","volume":"8","author":"C-H Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang C-H, Liu S-F, Lin C-Y, Liu C-F. Immersive virtual reality-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation interactive learning support system. IEEE Access. 2020;8:120870\u201380.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"6384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E57","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001117","volume":"47","author":"J Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi J, Thompson CE, Choi J, Waddill CB, Choi S. Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in nursing education: systematic review. Nurse Educ. 2022;47(3):E57\u201361.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-10003-w","volume":"69","author":"M Ros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ros M, Neuwirth LS, Ng S, Debien B, Molinari N, Gatto F, et al. The effects of an immersive virtual reality application in first person point-of-view (IVRA-FPV) on the learning and generalized performance of a lumbar puncture medical procedure. Educational Technol Res Dev. 2021;69(3):1529\u201356.","journal-title":"Educational Technol Res Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"6384_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1994.79.3f.1411","volume":"79","author":"MM Omodei","year":"1994","unstructured":"Omodei MM, McLennan J. Studying complex decision making in natural settings: using head-mounted video camera to study. Percept Motor Skills. 1994;79(3):1411\u201325.","journal-title":"Percept Motor Skills"},{"issue":"1","key":"6384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.59.1.31","volume":"59","author":"CA Unsworth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Unsworth CA. Using a head-mounted video camera to explore current conceptualizations of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy. Am J Occup Ther. 2005;59(1):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"6384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","volume":"179","author":"GB Petersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petersen GB, Petkakis G, Makransky G. A study of how immersion and interactivity drive VR learning. Comput Educ. 2022;179:104429.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.01.012","volume":"72","author":"JT Paige","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paige JT, Yu Q, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Stuke LE. Thinking it through: mental rehearsal and performance on 2 types of laparoscopic cholecystectomy simulators. J Surg Educ. 2015;72(4):740\u20138.","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"6384_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.01.004","volume":"112","author":"HL O\u2019Brien","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien HL, Cairns P, Hall M. A practical approach to measuring user engagement with the refined user engagement scale (UES) and new UES short form. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2018;112:28\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"6384_CR24","first-page":"29","volume":"8","author":"J Brooke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brooke J. SUS: a retrospective. J Usability Stud. 2013;8(2):29\u201340.","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"},{"key":"6384_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart SG. Nasa-Task load index (NASA-TLX) 20 years later. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annual Meeting. 2006;50(9):904\u20138.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"6384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peck TC, Gonzalez-Franco M. Avatar Embodiment. A standardized questionnaire. Front Virtual Real. 2021;1.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.575943"},{"issue":"2","key":"6384_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1617-6383.15.2.69","volume":"15","author":"TW Schubert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schubert TW. The sense of presence in virtual environments: a three-component scale measuring spatial presence, involvement, and realness. Z f\u00fcr Medienpsychologie. 2003;15(2):69\u201371.","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr Medienpsychologie"},{"issue":"11","key":"6384_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11110222","volume":"11","author":"M Lochbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lochbaum M, Sisneros C, Cooper S, Terry PC. Pre-event self-efficacy and sports performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports. 2023;11(11):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"6384_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412410010","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2020.74S3005","volume":"74","author":"American Occupational Therapy Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Occupational Therapy Association. Occupational therapy practice framework: domain and process. Am J Occup Ther. 2020;74:7412410010.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"6384_CR30","unstructured":"Ruhl C. Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of learning 2024 [ https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/blooms-taxonomy.html"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T01:04:46Z","timestamp":1735866286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06384-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the research was provided by the Federation University Human Research Ethics Committee (2023\u2009\u2212\u2009143), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Each of the subjects reviewed the Plain Language Information Sheet, and signed a consent form prior to participating in the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}