{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T16:45:49Z","timestamp":1794069949573,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"2022 Queen\u2019s University Department of Medicine Research Award","award":["374002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1739579721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An identity on guard: the impact of microaggressions on the professional identity formation of residents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Boyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"E. Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mala","family":"Joneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeant A, Saha S, Lalwani A, Sergeant A, McNair A, Larrazabal E et al. Diversity among health care leaders in Canada: a cross-sectional study of perceived gender and race. CMAJ [Internet]. 2022;194(10):E371\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/www.cmaj.ca\/content\/194\/10\/E371","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.211340"},{"issue":"1suppl2","key":"6818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S211","volume":"129","author":"CS Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson CS, Gracia JN. Addressing Health and Health-Care disparities: the role of a diverse workforce and the Social Determinants of Health. Public Health Rep. 2014;129(1suppl2):57\u201361.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"6818_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197457","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.7457","volume":"2","author":"L Dyrbye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dyrbye L, Herrin J, West CP, Wittlin NM, Dovidio JF, Hardeman R, et al. Association of Racial Bias with Burnout among Resident Physicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(7):e197457.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"6818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-019-0516-3","volume":"8","author":"A Espaillat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Espaillat A, Panna DK, Goede DL, Gurka MJ, Novak MA, Zaidi Z. An exploratory study on microaggressions in medical school: what are they and why should we care? Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8(3):143\u201351.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"key":"6818_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torino GC, Rivera DP, Capodilupo CM, Nadal KL, Sue DW, editors. Microaggression theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons; 2018 Oct 2.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119466642"},{"key":"6818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman-Barger K, Jacobs NN. The Microaggressions Triangle Model. Academic Medicine. 2020;Published Ahead of Print(95).","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003692"},{"key":"6818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres MB, Salles A, Cochran A. Recognizing and Reacting to Microaggressions in Medicine and Surgery. JAMA Surgery [Internet]. 2019;154(9):868. Available from: https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamasurgery\/fullarticle\/2738043","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.1648"},{"key":"6818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulloa JG, Talamantes E, Moreno G. Microaggressions Dur Med Train JAMA. 2016;316(10):1113.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11619"},{"issue":"7","key":"6818_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02600186","volume":"11","author":"CHM vanIneveld","year":"1996","unstructured":"vanIneveld CHM, Cook DJ, Kane SLC, King D. Discrimination and abuse in internal medicine residency. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11(7):401\u20135.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"6818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Eacker A, Harper W, Massie FS, Power DV et al. Race, Ethnicity, and Medical Student Well-being in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2007;167(19):2103\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/413324","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.19.2103"},{"issue":"2","key":"6818_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/dhe0000107","volume":"13","author":"D Ogunyemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogunyemi D, Clare C, Astudillo YM, Marseille M, Manu E, Kim S. Microaggressions in the learning environment: a systematic review. J Divers High Educ. 2020;13(2):97\u2013119.","journal-title":"J Divers High Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"6818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3182604968","volume":"87","author":"S Jarvis-Selinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarvis-Selinger S, Pratt DD, Regehr G. Competency is not enough. Acad Med. 2012;87(9):1185\u201390.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6818_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000700","volume":"90","author":"RL Cruess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Snell L, Steinert Y. A schematic representation of the Professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents. Acad Med. 2015;90(6):718\u201325.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"6818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803932","volume-title":"Communities of Practice: learning, meaning, and identity","author":"E Wenger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wenger E. Communities of Practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998."},{"issue":"2","key":"6818_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000913","volume":"91","author":"RL Cruess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y. Amending Miller\u2019s pyramid to include professional identity formation. Acad Med. 2016;91(2):180\u20135.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6818_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00050.x","volume":"25","author":"TM Wolf","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wolf TM, Randall HM, Almen K, Tynes LL. Perceived mistreatment and attitude change by graduating medical students: a retrospective study. Med Educ. 1991;25(3):182\u201390.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03225.x","volume":"2","author":"RM McNamara","year":"1995","unstructured":"McNamara RM, Whitley TW, Sanders AB, Andrew LB, Force F, the SIST. The Extent and effects of abuse and harassment of Emergency Medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(4):293\u2013301.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6818_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000200","volume":"89","author":"N Fnais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fnais N, Soobiah C, Chen MH, Lillie E, Perrier L, Tashkhandi M, et al. Harassment and discrimination in Medical Training. Acad Med. 2014;89(5):817\u201327.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"6818_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overland MK, Zumsteg JM, Lindo EG, Sholas MG, Montenegro RE, Campelia GD, et al. Microaggressions Clin Train Pract PM&R. 2019;11(9):1004\u201312.","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12229"},{"issue":"1","key":"6818_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201636","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1636","volume":"146","author":"K Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young K, Punnett A, Suleman S. A little hurts a lot: exploring the impact of microaggressions in Pediatric Medical Education. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20201636.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6818_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13124","volume":"51","author":"L Varpio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varpio L, Ajjawi R, Monrouxe LV, O\u2019Brien BC, Rees CE. Shedding the cobra effect: problematising thematic emergence, triangulation, saturation and member checking. Med Educ. 2017;51(1):40\u201350.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"6818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706QP063OA","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Res Psychol [Internet]. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706QP063OA.","journal-title":"Qualitative Res Psychol [Internet]"},{"key":"6818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiger ME, Varpio L. Thematic Analysis of Qualitative data. Medical Teacher [Internet]. 2020;42(8):846\u201354. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32356468\/","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2020.1755030"},{"issue":"4","key":"6818_CR24","first-page":"552","volume":"88","author":"JM Frambach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frambach JM, van der Vleuten CP, Durning SJ. AM last page: quality criteria in qualitative and quantitative research. Acad Med. 2013;88(4):552.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182723","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2723","volume":"1","author":"A Osseo-Asare","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osseo-Asare A, Balasuriya L, Huot SJ, Keene D, Berg D, Nunez-Smith M, et al. Minority Resident Physicians\u2019 views on the role of Race\/Ethnicity in their training experiences in the Workplace. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182723.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"6818_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14295","volume":"55","author":"TR Wyatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wyatt TR, Balmer D, Rockich-Winston N, Chow CJ, Richards J, Zaidi Z. Whispers and shadows: a critical review of the professional identity literature with respect to minority physicians. Med Educ. 2020;55(2):148\u201358.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"6818_CR27","volume-title":"Breaking through: the making of minority executives in corporate America","author":"DA Thomas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thomas DA, Gabarro JJ. Breaking through: the making of minority executives in corporate America. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press; 2001."},{"key":"6818_CR28","volume-title":"Crisis intervention handbook: assessment, treatment, and research","author":"AR Roberts","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roberts AR. Crisis intervention handbook: assessment, treatment, and research. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press; 2000."},{"issue":"6","key":"6818_CR29","first-page":"001872671989555","volume":"74","author":"E Doldor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doldor E, Atewologun D. Why work it when you can dodge it? Identity responses to ethnic stigma among professionals. Hum Relat. 2020;74(6):001872671989555.","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"key":"6818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez JE, Campbell KM, Pololi LH. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Medical Education [Internet]. 2015;15(1). Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4331175\/","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-015-0290-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"6818_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003077","volume":"95","author":"K Barger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barger K, Boatright D, Colaso R, Orozco R, Latimore D. Seeking inclusion excellence. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):758\u201363.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"6818_CR32","first-page":"123","volume":"2","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Luyten P. Attachment, mentalizing, and the self. Handb Personality Disorders: Theory Res Treat. 2018;2:123\u201340.","journal-title":"Handb Personality Disorders: Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"6818_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13649","volume":"149","author":"G Castellini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castellini G, Tarchi L, Cassioli E, Ricca V, Abbate Daga G, Aguglia A, Albert U, Atti A, Barlati S, Blasi G, Carmassi C. The interplay between mentalization, personality traits and burnout in psychiatry training: results from a large multicenter controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2024;149(3):177\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"6818_CR34","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist politics. Univ Chic Legal Forum. 1989;1989(1)."},{"issue":"10","key":"6818_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202828","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.2828","volume":"155","author":"V Mocanu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mocanu V, Kuper TM, Marini W, Assane C, DeGirolamo KM, Fathimani K, Baxter NN. Intersectionality of gender and visible minority status among general surgery residents in Canada. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(10):e202828.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:35:34Z","timestamp":1739579734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06818-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Queen\u2019s University and Affiliated Hospitals Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (HSREB) (File #: DMED-2473-21). Informed consent to participate was obtained from participants at time of enrolment and a corresponding consent form was signed that was approved per the HSREB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"242"}}