{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:28:57Z","timestamp":1793140137782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"\"New Medicine\" Teaching Reform Research Project of the Guangdong Province","award":["2023138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023138"]}]},{"name":"Education and Teaching Achievement Award Cultivation Project of Jinan University","award":["202324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202324"]}]},{"name":"\u201cGold Class\u201dconstruction project of Jinan University\u2014\u2014Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas Chinese special gold courses."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T17:09:39Z","timestamp":1745946579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The role of cardiac ultrasound virtual simulation technology in the construction of clinical diagnostic reasoning of structural heart diseases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qianyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-064389","volume":"376","author":"JE Brush Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brush JE Jr, Sherbino J, Norman GR. Diagnostic reasoning in cardiovascular medicine. BMJ. 2022;376: e064389.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"7225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.525","volume":"158","author":"JB Richards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richards JB, Hayes MM, Schwartzstein RM. Teaching Clinical Reasoning and Critical Thinking: From Cognitive Theory to Practical Application. Chest. 2020;158(4):1617\u201328.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"7225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02283-2","volume":"20","author":"A Burgess","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burgess A, van Diggele C, Roberts C, Mellis C. Key tips for teaching in the clinical setting. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(Suppl 2):463.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"7225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o602","volume":"376","author":"RH Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones RH. Diagnostic reasoning: maximise trainees\u2019 clinical experience. BMJ. 2022;376: o602.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"7225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1484561","volume":"40","author":"M Huffman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huffman M, Gustafson S, Chatterjee S, et al. Bolstering diagnostic reasoning skills with adaptive learning. Med Teach. 2018;40(8):845\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"7225_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2337254","volume":"47","author":"L Leigh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leigh L, Mok ZH. The effect of different patient-based learning models on student perceptions of empathy, engagement, knowledge, and learning experience. Med Teach. 2025;47(2):292\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"7225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442099","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1442099","volume":"11","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Lian X, Chen X, Zeng M, Yin Y, Lin J. Practical exploration of BOPPPS model combined with situational teaching method in clinical training of intensive medicine: novel pedagogy and perception. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1442099.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"7225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03912-8","volume":"22","author":"AK Edgar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edgar AK, Macfarlane S, Kiddell EJ, Armitage JA, Wood-Bradley RJ. The perceived value and impact of virtual simulation-based education on students\u2019 learning: a mixed methods study. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):823.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"7225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046986","volume":"11","author":"J Haowen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haowen J, Vimalesvaran S, Myint Kyaw B, Tudor CL. Virtual reality in medical students\u2019 education: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2021;11(5): e046986.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"7225_CR10","first-page":"1780","volume":"12","author":"D Lucena-Anton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucena-Anton D, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Pacheco-Serrano AI, Garcia-Munoz C, Moral-Munoz JA. Virtual and Augmented Reality versus Traditional Methods for Teaching Physiotherapy: A Systematic Review. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12(12):1780\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"7225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-1994-z","volume":"20","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao J, Xu X, Jiang H, Ding Y. The effectiveness of virtual reality-based technology on anatomy teaching: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):127.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"7225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.518","volume":"106","author":"E Dyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dyer E, Swartzlander BJ, Gugliucci MR. Using virtual reality in medical education to teach empathy. J Med Libr Assoc. 2018;106(4):498\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"7225_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031211879960","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118799602","volume":"6","author":"M Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong M, Chue S, Jong M, Benny H, Zary N. Clinical instructors\u2019 perceptions of virtual reality in health professionals\u2019 cardiopulmonary resuscitation education. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:2050312118799602.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"7225_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri M, Boubakri FE, Kaghat FZ, Azough A, Zidani KA. Ival: Immersive Virtual Anatomy Laboratory for Enhancing Medical Education Based on Virtual Reality and Serious Games, Design, Implementation, and Evaluation. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2023 .","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4367583"},{"key":"7225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri M, Boubakri FE, Teo T, Kaghat FZ, Azough A, Zidani KA. Virtual reality in medical education: Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Anatomy Laboratory (IVAL) compared to traditional learning approaches. DISPLAYS. 2024. (Dec.): 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2024.102870"},{"key":"7225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri M, Boubakri FE, Hwang GJ, Kaghat FZ, Azough A, Zidani KA. C-IVAL: A Longitudinal Study of Knowledge Retention and Technology Acceptance in Collaborative Virtual Reality-Based Medical Education. IEEE Access. 13.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3523860"},{"issue":"12","key":"7225_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2019-010822","volume":"29","author":"CG Gunderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gunderson CG, Bilan VP, Holleck JL, et al. Prevalence of harmful diagnostic errors in hospitalised adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Qual Saf. 2020;29(12):1008\u201318.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"7225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2018-0033","volume":"5","author":"ML Graber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Graber ML, Rencic J, Rusz D, et al. Improving diagnosis by improving education: a policy brief on education in healthcare professions. Diagnosis (Berl). 2018;5(3):107\u201318.","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"7225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4159-y","volume":"32","author":"J Rencic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rencic J, Trowbridge RL Jr, Fagan M, Szauter K, Durning S. Clinical Reasoning Education at US Medical Schools: Results from a National Survey of Internal Medicine Clerkship Directors. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(11):1242\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"7225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318265408f","volume":"115","author":"J Neelankavil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neelankavil J, Howard-Quijano K, Hsieh TC, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography simulation is an efficient method to train anesthesiologists in basic transthoracic echocardiography skills. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1042\u201351.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"7225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8171057","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8171057","volume":"2023","author":"H Bouraghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouraghi H, Mohammadpour A, Khodaveisi T, Ghazisaeedi M, Saeedi S, Familgarosian S. Virtual Reality and Cardiac Diseases: A Systematic Review of Applications and Effects. J Healthc Eng. 2023;2023:8171057.","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"14","key":"7225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","volume":"47","author":"D Freeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freeman D, Reeve S, Robinson A, et al. Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychol Med. 2017;47(14):2393\u2013400.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04202-x","volume":"26","author":"RR Bruno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruno RR, Wolff G, Wernly B, et al. Virtual and augmented reality in critical care medicine: the patient\u2019s, clinician\u2019s, and researcher\u2019s perspective. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):326.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"7225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000132","volume":"11","author":"AA Skinner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skinner AA, Freeman RV, Sheehan FH. Quantitative Feedback Facilitates Acquisition of Skills in Focused Cardiac Ultrasound. Simul Healthc. 2016;11(2):134\u20138.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T17:09:45Z","timestamp":1745946585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07225-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been granted an exemption from requiring ethics approval from The Ethics Review Committee for Scientific Research Involving Personnel of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University. Participating students completed an informed consent form. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"634"}}