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There are many expensive simulators related to this procedure and few validated scenarios. This study aimed to build and validate a low-cost simulator and a clinical simulation scenario for teaching the thoracentesis procedural technique to undergraduate medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a methodological study carried out at a public university in the interior of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. It was carried out in three methodological stages, namely: 1) Construction of the simulator, which involved planning, surveying, pricing, and use of material resources 2) Construction of a simulated thoracentesis scenario, based on literature and a simulation script and 3) Validation by experts and pilot study of the simulator and scenario. Experts were selected according to Fehring criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulator proved to be suitable and low-cost (US $18). Modifications to the scenario were suggested by the experts and students in the pilot study, with 100.0% agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, a low-tech, handmade, and low-cost simulator was built and evaluated for training in the thoracentesis procedural technique, as well as a clinical simulation scenario for the management of patients with pleural effusion, which can be included in various medical teaching contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07381-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:53:25Z","timestamp":1751356405000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Construction of a simulation scenario and a low-cost simulator for teaching thoracentesis procedural technique: a validation study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberson","family":"Antequera Moron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2550-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Raniere","family":"de Oliveira Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7301-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Ferreira","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0234-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Antonio","family":"Marton Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5074-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.09.012","volume":"216","author":"RJ Karmali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karmali RJ, Siu JM, You DZ, Spano S, Winthrop AL, Rudan JF, et al. 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