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Consequently, teaching foundational FOCUS skills is of critical importance. This study investigates the effectiveness of e-learning in imparting FOCUS skills.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This prospective, controlled study assessed competency development among medical students attending a FOCUS workshop (study group) at two time points: T1 (pre-training) and T2 (post-training, after completing e-learning). The competence gain of the group was compared to a reference group (control group) of physicians who had also used the e-learning in preparation for a certified FOCUS workshop. Objective competencies were measured at both time points using short-answer and multiple-choice theory tests. Subjective self-assessments of competencies and opinions of the e-learning were investigated through evaluation forms at T2 using a 7-point Likert scale (1\u2009=\u2009strongly disagree, 7\u2009=\u2009strongly agree). Demographic information was collected at T1, and user behaviour during e-learning was assessed at T2. Primary endpoints were the increase in theoretical competencies (study group) and the comparison of subjective and objective competency levels (study vs. reference).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 104 participants (study group\u2009=\u200948; reference group\u2009=\u200956) were included. The study group exhibited a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increase in theoretical competencies. However, at T2 the reference group achieved significantly higher theoretical test scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). One influencing factor was previous practical experience (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), which was significantly higher in the reference group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Both groups estimated their competency at the end of preparation to be at similar levels (4.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 scalepoints [SP] versus 4.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0 SP; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.94). Evaluation results of the e-learning were positive in both groups (5.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 SP versus 6.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 SP; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), with results in the reference group being significantly higher.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Both the improvement in competencies and the positive reception of digital learning media should encourage the increased implementation of e-learning formats. This study shows that such formats in ultrasound training can effectively complement face-to-face workshops and should be included in certified training curricula.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07409-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T15:56:14Z","timestamp":1748620574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The effectiveness of e-learning in focused cardiac ultrasound training: a prospective controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Ruppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"G\u00f6bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Wolfhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liv-Annebritt","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas Michael","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kloeckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Waezsada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Buggenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Weinmann-Menke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes Matthias","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200603000-00002","volume":"81","author":"JG Ruiz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. 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