{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T04:02:17Z","timestamp":1751860937607,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study wishes to survey medical students\u2019 attitudes regarding legality of, funding for, and conscientious objection to uterine transplant (UTx) in cisgender and transgender women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Medical students were invited to complete an online anonymous survey from March 18, 2024 to April 1, 2024. Baseline demographics collected, and four-point Likert scales were used on four pairs of questions to evaluate attitudes regarding UTx for cisgender and transgender women. Subject responses to paired questions were analyzed using Fisher\u2019s Exact Test. Strength of correlation between the paired questions were analyzed with Spearman\u2019s Correlation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 96 responses were collected and 66 responses answering at least one of questions 5 to 8 were included in the final dataset. Nineteen (29%) self-identified as male and forty-three (65%) as female. A majority of respondents (72%) believed that a clinician should be able to object conscientiously to UTx regardless of gender identity, but only 14% would personally object to any UTx. A minority of respondents (10%) would object only to UTx for transgender women. Overall, female respondents (Correlation Coefficient average\u2009=\u20090.939) were more likely to select the same answer to paired questions regardless of gender identity compared to their male counterparts (Correlation Coefficient average\u2009=\u20090.558).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows some division among medical students regarding their attitudes toward UTx for cisgender and transgender women. For medical students willing to participate in UTx for cisgender but not transgender patients, additional ethical analysis is needed to determine whether these attitudes constitute invidious discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T17:20:48Z","timestamp":1751822448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survey of medical student attitudes regarding uterine transplant for cisgender and transgender women: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deidre","family":"Hurse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abram","family":"Brummett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"7588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.2612","volume":"157","author":"L Johannesson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johannesson L, Richards E, Reddy V, et al. The first 5 years of uterus transplant in the US: A report from the united States uterus transplant consortium. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(9):790\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.2612.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"7588_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2019.1599764","volume":"21","author":"VG Mookerjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mookerjee VG, Kwan D. Uterus transplantation as a fertility option in transgender healthcare. Int J Transgender Health. 2020;21(2):122\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15532739.2019.1599764.","journal-title":"Int J Transgender Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"7588_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004599","volume":"107","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L, Wang T, Chen L, et al. Transplantation of the uterus in the male rat. Transplantation. 2023;107(10):2168\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0000000000004599.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"7588_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2034561","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.34561","volume":"4","author":"BP Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones BP, Rajamanoharan A, Vali S, et al. Perceptions and motivations for uterus transplant in transgender women. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2034561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.34561.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"20","key":"7588_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206081","volume":"11","author":"M Carbonnel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carbonnel M, Karpel L, Corruble N, et al. Transgender males as potential donors for uterus transplantation: A survey. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11206081.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7588_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farrell RM, Johannesson L, Flyckt R et al. Evolving ethical issues with advances in uterus transplantation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):584.e1-584.e5; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.032"},{"issue":"10","key":"7588_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-105222","volume":"45","author":"A Sampson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sampson A, Kimberly LL, Goldman KN, et al. Uterus transplantation in women who are genetically XY. J Med Ethics. 2019;45(10):687\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2018-105222.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"7588_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsy012","volume":"5","author":"A Alghrani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alghrani A. Uterus transplantation in and beyond cisgender women: revisiting procreative liberty in light of emerging reproductive technologies. J Law Biosci. 2018;5(2):301\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jlb\/lsy012.","journal-title":"J Law Biosci"},{"key":"7588_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thys E, Dav\u00e9 N, Kimberly LL. Ethical considerations in expanding eligibility criteria for uterus transplant recipients: A scoping review. Transgender Health 2024;trgh.2023.0146; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2023.0146","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2023.0146"},{"issue":"8","key":"7588_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13809","volume":"46","author":"G Ersoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ersoy G, Akrep A, G\u00f6nen A\u00c7, et al. Attitudes among physicians towards transgender and gender diverse people in turkey: relationship with religiousness, political view and conservatism. Sociol Health Illn. 2024;46(8):1686\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13809.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"7588_CR11","unstructured":"Ghorayshi A. Many States Are Trying to Restrict Gender Treatments for Adults, Too - The New York Times. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/04\/22\/health\/transgender-adults-treatment-bans.html [Last accessed: 7\/19\/2024]."},{"issue":"6","key":"7588_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E431","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2023.431","volume":"25","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murphy TF, Mumford K. Should uterus transplantation for transwomen and transmen be subsidized?? AMA J Ethics. 2023;25(6):E431\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/amajethics.2023.431.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"7588_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5930.2005.00293.x","volume":"22","author":"T Bayne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bayne T, Levy N. Amputees by choice: body integrity identity disorder and the ethics of amputation. J Appl Philos. 2005;22(1):75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-5930.2005.00293.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"7588_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhz034","volume":"45","author":"DB Hershenov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hershenov DB. Pathocentric health care and a minimal internal morality of medicine. 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Bioethics. 2000;14(3):205\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8519.00191.","journal-title":"Bioethics"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T17:20:49Z","timestamp":1751822449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07588-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Oakland University (IRB-FY2024-255). All respondents voluntarily expressed written informed consent in the first page of the survey instrument prior to proceeding to the anonymous survey instrument, and survey results were reported in aggregate without identifying information. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"BK: conception and design, acquisition of data, interpretation of data, drafting and revising the article.DH: design, interpretation of data, revising the article.AB: conception and design, drafting and revising the article, final approval of version to be published.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contribution statement"}}],"article-number":"1011"}}