{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:35:53Z","timestamp":1792384553322,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012286","name":"Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50003025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50003025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T08:20:14Z","timestamp":1756801214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The relationship between sleep quality and nomophobia among medical students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narges","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5094-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahab","family":"Rezaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Janatolmakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Moein","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Heidarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Khatony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binjabr MA, Alalawi IS, Alzahrani RA, Albalawi OS, Hamzah RH, Ibrahim YS et al. The worldwide prevalence of sleep problems among medical students by problem, country, and COVID-19 status: a systematic review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression of 109 studies involving 59427 participants. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2023:1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-023-00258-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42039-8","volume":"13","author":"L Liebig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liebig L, Bergmann A, Voigt K, Balogh E, Birkas B, Faubl N, et al. Screen time and sleep among medical students in Germany. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15462.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7847_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1370757","volume":"15","author":"G Nakie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakie G, Takelle GM, Rtbey G, Andualem F, Tinsae T, Kassa MA, et al. Sleep quality and associated factors among university students in africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1370757.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53818-2","volume":"14","author":"S Chaabane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaabane S, Chaabna K, Khawaja S, Aboughanem J, Mittal D, Mamtani R, et al. Sleep disorders and associated factors among medical students in the middle East and North africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):4656.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsheikh AA, Elsharkawy SA, Ahmed DS. Impact of smartphone use at bedtime on sleep quality and academic activities among medical students at Al-Azhar University at Cairo.\u00a0J Public Health. 2024;32(11):2091\u2013100.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10389-023-01964-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-023-01964-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1657_20","volume":"10","author":"T Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh T, Sarkar D, Sarkar K, Dalai CK, Ghosal A. A study on smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality among nursing students in a municipality town of West Bengal. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(1):378\u201386.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27573-9","volume":"13","author":"A Nsengimana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nsengimana A, Mugabo E, Niyonsenga J, Hategekimana JC, Biracyaza E, Mutarambirwa R, et al. Sleep quality among undergraduate medical students in rwanda: a comparative study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):265.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"7847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000012","volume":"2","author":"K Paudel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paudel K, Adhikari TB, Khanal P, Bhatta R, Paudel R, Bhusal S, et al. Sleep quality and its correlates among undergraduate medical students in nepal: A cross-sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022;2(2):e0000012.","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"7847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_238_19","volume":"42","author":"MR Shadzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shadzi MR, Salehi A, Vardanjani HM. Problematic internet use, mental health, and sleep quality among medical students: A Path-Analytic model. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020;42(2):128\u201335.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"7847_CR10","first-page":"100107","volume":"7","author":"A Shafiee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shafiee A, Fili J, Ghafari S, Sattari MA, Borna N, Pourramzani A. The prevalence of sleep disturbance and its possible associated factors among Iranian medical students: A cross-sectional study with a National meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine: X. 2024;7:100107.","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine: X"},{"key":"7847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1288498","volume":"15","author":"B Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu B, Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhou H, Yin D. Factors associated with sleep disorders among university students in Jiangsu province: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1288498.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00352","volume":"11","author":"Q Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Q, Li Y, Huang S, Qi J, Shao T, Chen X, et al. Smartphone use and sleep quality in Chinese college students: a preliminary study. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:352.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2023.29.1.40","volume":"29","author":"KG Tuco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuco KG, Castro-Diaz SD, Soriano-Moreno DR, Benites-Zapata VA. Prevalence of nomophobia in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthc Inf Res. 2023;29(1):40\u201353.","journal-title":"Healthc Inf Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"7847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279379","volume":"17","author":"M Coenen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coenen M, G\u00f6rlich Y. Exploring nomophobia with a German adaption of the nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q-D). PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0279379.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"7847_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249890","volume":"16","author":"Y Farchakh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farchakh Y, Hallit R, Akel M, Chalhoub C, Hachem M, Hallit S, et al. Nomophobia in lebanon: scale validation and association with psychological aspects. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249890.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jahrami H, Rashed M, AlRasheed MM, Bragazzi NL, Saif Z, Alhaj O, BaHammam AS, Vitiello MV. Nomophobia is associated with insomnia but not with age, sex, BMI, or mobile phone screen size in young adults. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1931\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NSS.S335462.","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S335462"},{"key":"7847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA, Prodhan MS, Muktarul M, Griffiths MD, Muhit M et al. Nomophobia among university students: prevalence, correlates, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Heliyon. 2023;9(3):1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14284"},{"key":"7847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin CY, Potenza MN, Ulander M, Brostr\u00f6m A, Ohayon MM, Chattu VK et al. Longitudinal relationships between nomophobia, addictive use of social media, and insomnia in adolescents. Healthc (Basel Switzerland).\u00a02021;9(9):1\u201310.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9091201"},{"issue":"5","key":"7847_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_58_20","volume":"9","author":"A Mengi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mengi A, Singh A, Gupta V. An institution-based study to assess the prevalence of nomophobia and its related impact among medical students in Southern haryana, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(5):2303.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"7847_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein SM, Alhwaiti SS, Almalki G, Al Asadah GA, Mahdi R, Sami C et al. The epidemiology of nomophobia and insomnia among medical students in jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2024;16(5):1\u201311.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59927"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR21","first-page":"9","volume":"5","author":"B Torpil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torpil B, Bahad\u0131r Z, Y\u0131lmaz GG, Pek\u00e7etin S. Comparison of sleep quality and sleepiness in university students with different levels of nomophobia. Int J Disabil Sports Health Sci. 2022;5(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Disabil Sports Health Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"7847_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","volume":"13","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(Suppl 1):S31\u20134.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"7847_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0478-5","volume":"16","author":"J Farrahi Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farrahi Moghaddam J, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, Garrusi B, Amirkafi A. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung. 2012;16(1):79\u201382.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung"},{"key":"7847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.059","volume":"49","author":"C Yildirim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yildirim C, Correia A-P. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;49:130\u20137.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.11","volume":"7","author":"CY Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of Persian nomophobia questionnaire: differential item functioning and measurement invariance across gender. J Behav Addictions. 2018;7(1):100\u20138.","journal-title":"J Behav Addictions"},{"key":"7847_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied logistic regression. 3rd ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons. 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2021.09.006","volume":"49","author":"N Christodoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Christodoulou N, Maruani J, d\u2019Ortho MP, Lejoyeux M, Geoffroy PA. Sleep quality of medical students and relationships with academic performances. L\u2019Encephale. 2023;49(1):9\u201314.","journal-title":"L\u2019Encephale"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_56_19","volume":"28","author":"VA Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar VA, Chandrasekaran V, Brahadeeswari H. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Industrial Psychiatry J. 2019;28(1):82\u20135.","journal-title":"Industrial Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"4","key":"7847_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250671","volume":"16","author":"BY Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung BY, Takemura K, Ou C, Gale A, Heine SJ. Considering cross-cultural differences in sleep duration between Japanese and Canadian university students. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250671.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"7847_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000628","volume":"37","author":"RG Kent de Grey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent de Grey RG, Uchino BN, Trettevik R, Cronan S, Hogan JN. Social support and sleep: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2018;37(8):787.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119871331","volume":"47","author":"N Krause","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krause N, Rainville G. Exploring the relationship between social support and sleep. Health Educ Behav. 2020;47(1):153\u201361.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"7847_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.3677","volume":"8","author":"R Shaleha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shaleha R, Roque N, NO, PHONE, MORE STRESS: EXPLORING ANXIETY AS THE MEDIATOR BETWEEN NOMOPHOBIA AND STRESS. Innov Aging. 2024;8(Suppl 1):1147.","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"7847_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6685676","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6685676","volume":"2023","author":"SM Kashfi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kashfi SM, Karami H, Jafari F, Daliri M, Yazdankhah M, Kamyab A, et al. Internet addiction and sleep disorders among medical students. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2023;2023:6685676.","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"4","key":"7847_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25662","DOI":"10.2196\/25662","volume":"7","author":"S Qanash","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qanash S, Al-Husayni F, Falata H, Halawani O, Jahra E, Murshed B, et al. Effect of electronic device addiction on sleep quality and academic performance among health care students: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Med Educ. 2021;7(4):e25662.","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"7847_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278720983415","volume":"45","author":"AM Shaheen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shaheen AM, Alkaid Albqoor M. Prevalence and correlates of sleep quality among Jordanian university students: A Cross-Sectional National study. Eval Health Prof. 2022;45(2):176\u201382.","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01905-4","volume":"24","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Effects of gender, medical school class year, and majors on sleep quality in Chinese medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung. 2020;24(1):259\u201366.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung"},{"key":"7847_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781324","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3781324","volume":"2022","author":"Z Jowkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jowkar Z, Fattah Z, Khorshidi Asl Z, Hamidi SA, Stress. Sleep quality, and academic performance among dental students in shiraz, Iran. Int J Dent. 2022;2022:3781324.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"7847_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053798","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1053798","volume":"13","author":"Q Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Q, Yuan L, Guo XH, Li JA, Yin D. Study on lifestyle habits affecting sleep disorders at the undergraduate education stage in Xuzhou city, China. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1053798.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7847_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.07.019","volume":"62","author":"CTT Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen CTT, Yang HJ, Lee GT, Nguyen LTK, Kuo SY. Relationships of excessive internet use with depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among high school students in Northern Vietnam. J Pediatr Nurs. 2022;62:e91\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"7847_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33851-3","volume":"13","author":"M Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santos M, Sirtoli R, Rodrigues R, L\u00f3pez-Gil JF, Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno V, Guidoni CM, et al. Relationship between free-time physical activity and sleep quality in Brazilian university students. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):6652.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"7847_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.04.005","volume":"7","author":"AI Almojali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almojali AI, Almalki SA, Alothman AS, Masuadi EM, Alaqeel MK. The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. J Epidemiol Global Health. 2017;7(3):169\u201374.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Global Health"},{"issue":"Spec 2","key":"7847_CR43","first-page":"318","volume":"15","author":"SM AlShareef","year":"2022","unstructured":"AlShareef SM. The impact of bedtime technology use on sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in adults. Sleep Sci (Sao Paulo Brazil). 2022;15(Spec 2):318\u201327.","journal-title":"Sleep Sci (Sao Paulo Brazil)"},{"issue":"6","key":"7847_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_269_19","volume":"8","author":"FA Alshobaili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshobaili FA, AlYousefi NA. The effect of smartphone usage at bedtime on sleep quality among Saudi non- medical staff at King Saud university medical City. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(6):1953\u20137.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"7847_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-022-01694-w","volume":"27","author":"S Kheirinejad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kheirinejad S, Visuri A, Ferreira D, Hosio S. Leave your smartphone out of bed: quantitative analysis of smartphone use effect on sleep quality. Personal Uniquit Comput. 2023;27(2):447\u201366.","journal-title":"Personal Uniquit Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"7847_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13356","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13356","volume":"30","author":"AS Dissing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dissing AS, Andersen TO, N\u00f8rup LN, Clark A, Nejsum M, Rod NH. Daytime and nighttime smartphone use: A study of associations between multidimensional smartphone behaviours and sleep among 24,856 Danish adults. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(6):e13356.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"7847_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalal N, Vel NS, Angmo S, Choyal S, Bishnoi S, Dhaka S et al. Smartphone addiction and its impact on quality of sleep and academic performance among nursing students. Institutional based cross-sectional study in Western Rajasthan (India). Investigacion Y Educ En Enfermeria.\u00a02023;41(2):135\u201346.","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.iee.v41n2e11"},{"issue":"4","key":"7847_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02295-2","volume":"25","author":"J Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meng J, Wang F, Chen R, Hua H, Yang Q, Yang D, et al. Association between the pattern of mobile phone use and sleep quality in Northeast China college students. Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung. 2021;25(4):2259\u201367.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath = Schlaf Atmung"},{"key":"7847_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629407","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.629407","volume":"12","author":"SY Sohn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sohn SY, Krasnoff L, Rees P, Kalk NJ, Carter B. The association between smartphone addiction and sleep: A UK Cross-Sectional study of young adults. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:629407.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7847_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y, Itani O, Matsumoto Y, Jike M, Higuchi S et al. The association between internet usage and sleep problems among Japanese adolescents: three repeated cross-sectional studies. Sleep.\u00a02021;44(12):1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab175"},{"issue":"12","key":"7847_CR51","first-page":"e51052","volume":"15","author":"SH Alkalash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkalash SH, Aldawsari AK, Alfahmi SS, Babukur AO, Alrizqi RA, Salaemae KF, et al. The prevalence of nomophobia and its impact on academic performance of medical undergraduates at the college of medicine, Umm Al-Qura university, Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e51052.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7847_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1663_22","volume":"12","author":"R Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rao R, Verma M, Singh CM, Nirala SK, Naik BN. Internet addiction and nomophobia among medical undergraduates of a tertiary care teaching Institute in patna, Eastern India. J Educ Health Promotion. 2023;12:286.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promotion"},{"key":"7847_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1252099","volume":"11","author":"CM Ceobanu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceobanu CM, Marian AL, Apostolache R. Glimpse on 21st century new phobias; a predictive model of nomophobia. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1252099.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"7847_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abukhanova A, Almukhambetova B, Mamekova A, Spatay A, Danikeyeva A. Association between nomophobia and learning performance among undergraduate students: the mediating role of depression and anxiety. Front Educ. 2024;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1365220"},{"issue":"7","key":"7847_CR55","first-page":"716","volume":"12","author":"L Santl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santl L, Brajkovic L, Kopila\u0161 V. Relationship between nomophobia, various emotional difficulties, and distress factors among students. Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12(7):716\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:20:15Z","timestamp":1756902015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07847-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.KUMS.REC.1402.183. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All experimental protocols involving human subjects adhered to the relevant national\/international\/institutional guidelines or the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1246"}}