{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:03:25Z","timestamp":1785193405331,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Learning disabilities (LD) is under-researched in medical and nursing education worldwide, especially regarding students\u2019 perceptions of their peers with LD\u2014an area particularly overlooked in low- and middle-income countries like Vietnam. As future healthcare professionals, whether Vietnamese medical and nursing students are aware of or accurately understand LD, and whether their perceptions may pose barriers to creating a more inclusive educational environment for peers with LD, remained unanswered. Our study investigated the knowledge and attitudes towards LD among 845 undergraduate medical and nursing students from 14 universities across Vietnam. A quantitative, cross-sectional, online questionnaire was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024, as part of a larger mixed-method exploratory study. Questions about knowledge and attitude toward LD were scored using a 4-point Likert scale. The survey results showed average knowledge and attitudes scores of 16.09\/27 and 34.01\/60, respectively. Pearson\u2019s Correlation Coefficient was used to assess the relationship between knowledge and attitude scores. Associations between sociodemographic factors and these scores were analyzed using t-tests (for binary variables), one-way ANOVA (for categorical variables), and Spearman correlations (for continuous variables). Notably, students attending private universities and coming from families with higher incomes had significantly higher knowledge scores, while these factors did not influence attitude scores. The weak correlation coefficient between knowledge and attitudes suggests that comprehensive strategies are needed to meaningfully influence students\u2019 perceptions of LD. Recommendations include integrating LD-related content into curricula, providing training for both faculty and students on LD recognition and support strategies, and establishing peer-support programs in universities throughout Vietnam. Targeted interventions should prioritize raising awareness among students from public universities and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T12:36:13Z","timestamp":1762778173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Knowledge and attitudes toward learning disabilities\u00a0among medical and nursing students in Vietnam:\u00a0findings from a national cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Quynh","family":"Hong Ngoc Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dung","family":"Thi Th\u1ee7y Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao Anh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha","family":"Ngan Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"De La Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranee","family":"Liamputtong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huyen","family":"Thi Hoa Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hieu","family":"Tran Dieu Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuoc","family":"Van Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"7956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_371_18","volume":"41","author":"V Vidyadharan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vidyadharan V, Tharayil HM. Learning disorder or learning disability: time to rethink. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019;41:276\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"7956_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2000.00689.x","volume":"34","author":"CJ Rosebraugh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosebraugh CJ. Learning disabilities and medical schools. Med Educ. 2000;34:994\u20131000.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"7956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004510","volume":"97","author":"LM Meeks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meeks LM, Plegue M, Swenor BK, et al. The performance and trajectory of medical students with disabilities: results from a multisite, multicohort study. Acad Med. 2022;97:389.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"7956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059179","volume":"12","author":"MJ Murphy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murphy MJ, Dowell JS, Smith DT. Factors associated with declaration of disability in medical students and junior doctors, and the association of declared disability with academic performance: observational study using data from the UK medical education database, 2002\u20132018 (UKMED54). BMJ Open. 2022;12:e059179.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"7956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-022-00003-0","author":"R Nash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nash R, Conner B, Fellows K, Clemmensen B, Gullickson R, Goldrup S. Barriers in medical education: a scoping review of common themes for medical students with disabilities. Discover Educ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44217-022-00003-0.","journal-title":"Discover Educ"},{"key":"7956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2934.2006.00649.x","volume":"15","author":"D Morris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morris D, Turnbull P. A survey-based exploration of the impact of dyslexia on career progression of UK registered nurses. J Nurs Adm Manag. 2007;15:97\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Nurs Adm Manag"},{"key":"7956_CR7","unstructured":"National Center for Special Education (NCSE).Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c. bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p (in Vietnamese). Special Education in Vietnam: Existing Challenges and Proposed Solutions. 2020.\u00a0https:\/\/ncse.edu.vn\/giao-duc-dac-biet-tai-vn.html."},{"key":"7956_CR8","unstructured":"My Ha. G\u1ea7n 7% tr\u1ebb em l\u1edbp 2 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp 5 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m To\u00e1n (in Vietnamese).Nearly 7% of Grade 2 and Grade 5 students have specific difficulties in reading, writing, and mathematics In: Dan Tri Online Newspaper. 2016. Accessed 14 2024. https:\/\/dantri.com.vn\/giao-duc\/gan-7-tre-em-lop-2-va-lop-5-co-kho-khan-dac-thu-trong-doc-viet-va-lam-toan-20161203065921348.htm."},{"key":"7956_CR9","volume-title":"Readiness for education of children with disabilities in eight provinces of Viet Nam","author":"G Hashemi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hashemi G, Njelesani D, Njelesani J, Parnes P. Readiness for education of children with disabilities in eight provinces of Viet Nam. UNICEF; 2015."},{"key":"7956_CR10","volume-title":"Comparing the management of ADHD in the United States and Vietnam: A Cross-Cultural Exploration","author":"NNT Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le NNT. Comparing the management of ADHD in the United States and Vietnam: A Cross-Cultural Exploration. Colby College; 2019."},{"key":"7956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.038","volume":"120","author":"SH Vu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vu SH, Whittaker A, Whittaker M, Rodger S. Living with autism spectrum disorder in Hanoi, Vietnam. Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:278\u201385.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"7956_CR12","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). What Are Specific Learning Disorders? 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org:443\/patients-families\/specific-learning-disorder\/what-is-specific-learning-disorder. Accessed 22 Jul 2025."},{"key":"7956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1365480209352549","volume":"13","author":"H Rydstrom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rydstrom H. Having \u2018learning difficulties\u2019: the inclusive education of disabled girls and boys in Vietnam. Improving Schools. 2010;13:81\u201398.","journal-title":"Improving Schools"},{"key":"7956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1355473","volume":"11","author":"RW Sapp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sapp RW, Lee E, Bereknyei Merrell S, Schillinger E, Lau JN, Feldman HM, et al. Disability health in medical education: development, implementation, and evaluation of a pilot curriculum at Stanford school of medicine. Front Med Lausanne. 2024;11:1355473.","journal-title":"Front Med Lausanne"},{"key":"7956_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2018.0000142.1","volume":"7","author":"A Javaeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Javaeed A. Learning Disabilities and Medical Students. MedEdPublish (2016). 2018;7:142.","journal-title":"MedEdPublish (2016)"},{"key":"7956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620946111","volume":"42","author":"C Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrade C, Menon V, Ameen S, Kumar Praharaj S. Designing and conducting knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys in psychiatry: practical guidance. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020;42:478\u201381.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"7956_CR17","volume-title":"Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Specific Learning Disorder (SLD). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; 2013."},{"key":"7956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12401","volume":"50","author":"J Ee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ee J, Stenfert Kroese B, Rose J. A systematic review of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of health and social care professionals towards people with learning disabilities and mental health problems. Br J Learn Disabil. 2022;50:467\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2307\/25474642","volume":"31","author":"C Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray C, Wren CT, Keys C. University faculty perceptions of students with learning disabilities: correlates and group differences. Learn Disabil Q. 2008;31:95\u2013113.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Q"},{"key":"7956_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419836397","volume":"52","author":"M Shecter-Lerner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shecter-Lerner M, Lipka O, Khouri M. Attitudes and knowledge about learning disabilities: a comparison between Arabic- and Hebrew-speaking university students. J Learn Disabil. 2019;52:247\u201358.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2019.1695750","volume":"39","author":"O Lipka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lipka O, Khouri M, Shecter-Lerner M. University faculty attitudes and knowledge about learning disabilities. High Educ Res Dev. 2020;39:982\u201396.","journal-title":"High Educ Res Dev"},{"key":"7956_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","volume":"48","author":"KS Taber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taber KS. The use of cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48:1273\u201396.","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"7956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.036","volume":"119","author":"DA Cook","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006;119:166.e7-166.e16.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"7956_CR24","unstructured":"The General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO). Press Release: Results of the Household Living Standards Survey 2023. In: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/tin-tuc-thong-ke\/2024\/04\/thong-cao-bao-chi-ket-qua-khao-sat-muc-song-dan-cu-nam-2023\/. Accessed 23 Jul 2025."},{"key":"7956_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219416664865","volume":"51","author":"S Woodcock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woodcock S, Jiang H. A cross-national comparison of attributional patterns toward students with and without learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 2018;51:3\u201317.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12102","volume":"31","author":"KK McGregor","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGregor KK, Langenfeld N, Van Horne S, Oleson J, Anson M, Jacobson W. The university experiences of students with learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Res Pract. 2016;31:90\u2013102.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"7956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(99)00080-4","volume":"40","author":"U Brook","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brook U, Watemberg N, Geva D. Attitude and knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability among high school teachers. Patient Educ Couns. 2000;40:247\u201352.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"7956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.2010.00573.x","volume":"24","author":"P Willner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willner P, Jenkins R, Rees P, Griffiths VJ, John E. Knowledge of mental capacity issues in community teams for adults with learning disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2011;24:159\u201371.","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006608","volume":"32","author":"F Gill","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gill F, Kroese BS, Rose J. General practitioners\u2019 attitudes to patients who have learning disabilities. Psychol Med. 2002;32:1445\u201355.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"7956_CR30","unstructured":"Scior K, Werner S. Changing attitude to learning disability - A review of the evidence. Mencap. 2015."},{"key":"7956_CR31","first-page":"240","volume":"4","author":"A Gonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonen A, Grinberg K. Academic students\u2019 attitudes toward students with learning disabilities. J Educ Train Stud. 2016;4:240\u20136.","journal-title":"J Educ Train Stud"},{"key":"7956_CR32","unstructured":"Murray C, Flannery BK, Wren C. University Staff Members\u2019 Attitudes and Knowledge About Learning Disabilities and Disability Support Services.Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability. 2008;21(2):73\u201390. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ822095."},{"key":"7956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1481","volume":"20","author":"R Leavett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leavett R, Nash HM, Snowling MJ. Am i dyslexic?? Parental self-report of literacy difficulties. Dyslexia. 2014;20:297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"7956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459314554316","volume":"19","author":"D Holman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holman D. Exploring the relationship between social class, mental illness stigma and mental health literacy using British National survey data. Health (London). 2015;19:413\u201329.","journal-title":"Health (London)"},{"key":"7956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00872","author":"R Vilaseca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilaseca R, Rivero M, Bersab\u00e9 RM, Cantero M-J, Navarro-Pardo E, Valls-Vidal C, et al. Demographic and parental factors associated with developmental outcomes in children with intellectual disabilities. Front Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00872.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7956_CR36","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). Disability & Socioeconomic Status. 2010. In: https:\/\/www.apa.org. https:\/\/www.apa.org. Accessed 24 Jul 2025."},{"key":"7956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1170656","author":"C Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang C, Zeng X. Social and emotional development of disadvantaged students and its relationship with academic performance: evidence from China. Front Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1170656.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7956_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(00)00143-9","volume":"43","author":"U Brook","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brook U, Geva D. Knowledge and attitudes of high school pupils towards peers\u2019 attention deficit and learning disabilities. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;43:31\u20136.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"7956_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1108\/13595471211218811","volume":"17","author":"M Redman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Redman M, Taylor E, Furlong R, Carney G, Greenhill B. Human rights training: impact on attitudes and knowledge. Tizard Learn Disabil Rev. 2012;17:80\u20137.","journal-title":"Tizard Learn Disabil Rev"},{"key":"7956_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948718790062","author":"O Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee O, Shin M. A national online survey of South Korean high school students\u2019 understanding of learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Q. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0731948718790062.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Q"},{"key":"7956_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0034355217727600","volume":"62","author":"PR Huskin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huskin PR, Reiser-Robbins C, Kwon S. Attitudes of undergraduate students toward persons with disabilities: exploring effects of contact experience on social distance across ten disability types. Rehabil Couns Bull. 2018;62:53\u201363.","journal-title":"Rehabil Couns Bull"},{"key":"7956_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03283.x","volume":"51","author":"C Vignes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vignes C, Godeau E, Sentenac M, Coley N, Navarro F, Grandjean H, et al. Determinants of students\u2019 attitudes towards peers with disabilities. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:473\u20139.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"7956_CR43","unstructured":"Burgstahler S, Duclos R, Turcotte M. Preliminary Findings: Faculty, Teaching Assistant, and Student Perceptions Regarding Accommodating Students with Disabilities in Postsecondary Environments. 2000."},{"key":"7956_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01597.x","volume":"57","author":"K Scior","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scior K, Addai-Davis J, Kenyon M, Sheridan JC. Stigma, public awareness about intellectual disability and attitudes to inclusion among different ethnic groups. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013;57:1014\u201326.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"7956_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD). Comprehensive assessment and evaluation of students with learning disabilities: A paper prepared by the National joint committee on learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Q. 2011;34:3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/073194871103400101.","DOI":"10.1177\/073194871103400101"},{"key":"7956_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419849107","volume":"52","author":"F Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao F, Li S, Li T, Yu G. Does stereotype threat deteriorate academic performance of high school students with learning disabilities?? The buffering role of psychological disengagement. J Learn Disabil. 2019;52:312\u201323.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR47","first-page":"163","volume":"28","author":"EV Cole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cole EV, Cawthon SW. Self-disclosure decisions of university students with learning disabilities. J Postsecondary Educ Disabil. 2015;28:163\u201379.","journal-title":"J Postsecondary Educ Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR48","first-page":"91","volume":"32","author":"S Feilin Hsiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feilin Hsiao S, Burgstahler T, Johnson D, Nuss MD. Promoting an accessible learning environment for students with disabilities via faculty development (Practice brief). J Postsecondary Educ Disabil. 2019;32:91\u20139.","journal-title":"J Postsecondary Educ Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elbeheri G, Siang L. Dyslexia and education in Vietnam: Towards individual support and inclusion, 1st ed. 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003162520.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003162520"},{"key":"7956_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420904348","volume":"53","author":"SN Del Tufo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Tufo SN, Earle FS. Skill profiles of college students with a history of developmental language disorder and developmental dyslexia. J Learn Disabil. 2020;53:228\u201340.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370050301","volume":"37","author":"S Birch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Birch S, Chase C. Visual and language processing deficits in compensated and uncompensated college students with dyslexia. J Learn Disabil. 2004;37:389\u2013410.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"7956_CR52","volume-title":"Inclusive Education in ASEAN: Fostering Belonging for Students with Disabilities","author":"R Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh R. Inclusive Education in ASEAN: Fostering Belonging for Students with Disabilities. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia; 2022."},{"key":"7956_CR53","unstructured":"Human Rights Commission of Malaysia. The Right to Education for Children with Learning Disabilities \u2013 Focusing on Primary Education. 2015."},{"key":"7956_CR54","unstructured":"Goal 4 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal4. Accessed 22 Oct 2024."},{"key":"7956_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37464\/2008.254.1817","author":"T van de Mortel","year":"2008","unstructured":"van de Mortel T. Faking it: social desirability response bias in self-report research. Aust J Adv Nurs. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37464\/2008.254.1817.","journal-title":"Aust J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"7956_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1177\/1470785318805305","volume":"61","author":"RB Larson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larson RB. Controlling social desirability bias. Int J Market Res. 2019;61:534\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Market Res"},{"key":"7956_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.005","volume":"36","author":"D Dodou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dodou D, de Winter JCF. Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: a meta-analysis. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;36:487\u201395.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"7956_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9640-9","volume":"47","author":"I Krumpal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krumpal I. Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review. Qual Quant. 2013;47:2025\u201347.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"7956_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.600","volume":"24","author":"A Althubaiti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Althubaiti A. Sample size determination: a practical guide for health researchers. J Gen Fam Med. 2023;24:72\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"key":"7956_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2021.28.2.2","volume":"28","author":"MA Bujang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bujang MA. A step-by-step process on sample size determination for medical research. Malays J Med Sci. 2021;28:15\u201327.","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"7956_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA8001_18","volume":"80","author":"DL Streiner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Streiner DL. Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. J Pers Assess. 2003;80:99\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"7956_CR62","unstructured":"World Medical Association. WMA - The World Medical Association-WMA Declaration of Helsinki \u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/. Accessed 28 Aug 2025."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1762783421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07956-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki [\n                      \n                      ]. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Vinmec International General Hospital JSC & VinUniversity (Approval Reference Number: 71\/2023\/QD-VMEC). All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to their participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript includes data for which consent was obtained from all participants. Identifiable data, such as student ID pictures, were optional and voluntarily provided solely for verification purposes. These data were securely managed and permanently deleted by the research coordinator following internal review. Under no circumstances are student ID data published or disclosed. All other data reported in the manuscript were collected with informed consent from participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1567"}}