{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:18:29Z","timestamp":1762885109746,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Province\u2019s Inclusive Policy and Innovation Environment Construction Plan - Clinical Medical Technology Innovation Guidance Project","award":["2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902","2021SK53902"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation Provincial and Municipal Joint Fund","award":["2021JJ50066","2021JJ50066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ50066","2021JJ50066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T16:08:25Z","timestamp":1762877305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of 3D printing integrated with problem-based learning on AGP training for thoracolumbar fractures: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dingyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nani","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.184614","volume":"5","author":"D Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li D. Training doctors for primary care in China: transformation of general practice education. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016;5(1):1\u20132.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"8152_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2019.329090","volume":"51","author":"S Lian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lian S, Chen Q, Yao M, Chi C, Fetters MD. Training pathways to working as a general practitioner in China. Fam Med. 2019;51(3):262\u201370.","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8152_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038173","volume":"10","author":"J Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi J, Du Q, Gong X, Chi C, Huang J, Yu W, et al. Is training policy for general practitioners in China charting the right path forward? A mixed methods analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e038173.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01940-4","volume":"23","author":"MC Michel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Michel MC, Bischoff A, Jakobs KH. Comparison of problem-and lecture-based pharmacology teaching. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002;23(4):168\u201370.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.732","volume":"29","author":"PB Smits","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smits PB, de Buisonj\u00e9 CD, Verbeek JH, van Dijk FJ, Metz JC, Cate OJ. Problem-based learning versus lecture-based learning in postgraduate medical education. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003;29(4):280\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"8152_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.07.028","volume":"9","author":"JA Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson JA, Pegram AH, Battise DM, Robinson AM. Traditional lecture versus jigsaw learning method for teaching medication therapy management (MTM) core elements. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9(6):1151\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"11","key":"8152_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004236","volume":"96","author":"B Roman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roman B, Hayden C, Parmelee D. Medical education should say goodbye to lectures. Acad Med. 2021;96(11):1499\u2013500.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8152_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb139025.x","volume":"168","author":"PM Finucane","year":"1998","unstructured":"Finucane PM, Johnson SM, Prideaux DJ. Problem-based learning: its rationale and efficacy. Med J Aust. 1998;168(9):445\u20138.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"8152_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733018767246","volume":"26","author":"M Khatiban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khatiban M, Falahan SN, Amini R, Farahanchi A, Soltanian A. Lecture-based versus problem-based learning in ethics education among nursing students. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(6):1753\u201364.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"8152_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-019-09947-9","volume":"24","author":"V Servant-Miklos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Servant-Miklos V, Woods NN, Dolmans D. Celebrating 50 years of problem-based learning: progress, pitfalls and possibilities. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(5):849\u201351.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"8152_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-019-09921-5","volume":"24","author":"PC Wyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wyer PC. Evidence-based medicine and problem based learning a critical re-evaluation. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(5):865\u201378.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"8152_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-019-09927-z","volume":"24","author":"L Noordegraaf-Eelens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noordegraaf-Eelens L, Kloeg J, Noordzij G. Pbl and sustainable education: addressing the problem of isolation. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(5):971\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03154-8","volume":"22","author":"JC Trull\u00e0s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trull\u00e0s JC, Blay C, Sarri E, Pujol R. Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):104.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"8152_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-012-9386-8","volume":"18","author":"M Heijne-Penninga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heijne-Penninga M, Kuks JB, Hofman WH, Muijtjens AM, Cohen-Schotanus J. Influence of PBL with open-book tests on knowledge retention measured with progress tests. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2013;18(3):485\u201395.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"8152_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105631","volume":"120","author":"S Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma S, Saragih ID, Tarihoran D, Chou FH. Outcomes of problem-based learning in nurse education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;120:105631.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"8152_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314017","volume":"19","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen T, Zhao YJ, Huang FQ, Liu Q, Li Y, Alolga RN, et al. The effect of problem-based learning on improving problem-solving, self-directed learning, and critical thinking ability for the pharmacy students: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(12):e0314017.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1675","volume":"10","author":"S Klima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klima S, Hepp P, L\u00f6ffler S, Cornwall J, Hammer N. A novel phased-concept course for the delivery of anatomy and orthopedics training in medical education. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(4):372\u201382.","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2142418.209","volume":"18","author":"M Zileli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zileli M, Sharif S, Fornari M. Incidence and epidemiology of thoracolumbar spine fractures: WFNS spine committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2021;18(4):704\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"issue":"5","key":"8152_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23878","volume":"35","author":"N Al-Badri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Badri N, Touzet-Roumazeille S, Nuytten A, Ferri J, Charkaluk ML, Nicot R. Three-dimensional printing models improve long-term retention in medical education of pathoanatomy: A randomized controlled study. Clin Anat. 2022;35(5):609\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03931-5","volume":"22","author":"M Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun M, Chu F, Gao C, Yuan F. Application of the combination of three-dimensional visualization with a problem-based learning mode of teaching to spinal surgery teaching. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):840.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2020036911","volume":"30","author":"E Maglara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maglara E, Angelis S, Solia E, Apostolopoulos AP, Tsakotos G, Vlasis K, et al. Three-dimensional (3D) printing in orthopedics education. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2020;30(4):255\u20138.","journal-title":"J Long Term Eff Med Implants"},{"key":"8152_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.852608","volume":"10","author":"J Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi J, Cavagnaro MJ, Xu S, Zhao M. The application of three-dimensional technologies in the improvement of orthopedic surgery training and medical education quality: a comparative bibliometrics analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:852608.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8152_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2017.12.010","volume":"23","author":"JW Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim JW, Lee Y, Seo J, Park JH, Seo YM, Kim SS, et al. Clinical experience with three-dimensional printing techniques in orthopedic trauma. J Orthop Sci. 2018;23(2):383\u20138.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR24","volume":"16","author":"Z Yasen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yasen Z, Robinson AP, Woffenden H. Advanced preoperative planning techniques in the management of complex proximal humerus fractures. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e51551.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-025-00250-5","volume":"11","author":"M Ghidinelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghidinelli M, H\u00f6ntzsch D, Atici B, Crespan S. Evaluating the value of 3D-printed bone models with fracture fragments connected by flexible rods for training and preoperative planning. 3D Print Med. 2025;11(1):2.","journal-title":"3D Print Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR26","first-page":"127","volume":"18","author":"A Kaliappan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaliappan A, Motwani R, Gupta T, Chandrupatla M. Innovative cadaver preservation techniques: a systematic review. Maedica (Bucur). 2023;18(1):127\u201335.","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"issue":"10","key":"8152_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2242170","volume":"45","author":"BM Pinsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinsky BM, Panicker S, Chaudhary N, Gemmete JJ, Wilseck ZM, Lin L. The potential of 3D models and augmented reality in teaching cross-sectional radiology. Med Teach. 2023;45(10):1108\u201311.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.06.035","volume":"78","author":"V Lemarteleur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemarteleur V, Peycelon M, Sablayrolles JL, Plaisance P, El-Ghoneimi A, Ceccaldi PF. Realization of open software chain for 3D modeling and printing of organs in simulation centers: example of renal pelvis reconstruction. J Surg Educ. 2021;78(1):232\u201344.","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"8152_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1750760","volume":"58","author":"C Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a C, Gasoto SC, Belo IM, Setti J, Soni JF, J\u00fanior BS. Application of 3D printing technology in the treatment of hoffa\u2019s fracture nonunion. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2023;58(2):303\u201312.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"8152_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu B, Xue K, Cai B, Fang J. Evaluating the outcomes of three dimensional printing-assisted osteotomy on treating varus knee deformity from old tibial plateau fractures. Int Orthop. 2025;49(2):429\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-024-06365-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"8152_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350615607641","volume":"23","author":"DB Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones DB, Sung R, Weinberg C, Korelitz T, Andrews R. Three-dimensional modeling may improve surgical education and clinical practice. Surg Innov. 2016;23(2):189\u201395.","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2016.09.043","volume":"70","author":"I Valverde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valverde I. Three-dimensional printed cardiac models: applications in the field of medical education, cardiovascular surgery, and structural heart interventions. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2017;70(4):282\u201391.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"8152_CR33","first-page":"664","volume":"33","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liu Y, Luo H, Gao C, Zhang J, Dai Y. Is a three-dimensional printing model better than a traditional cardiac model for medical education? A pilot randomized controlled study. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2017;33(6):664\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"8152_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.105184","volume":"108","author":"M Gray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gray M, Downer T, Hartz D, Andersen P, Hanson J, Gao Y. The impact of three-dimensional visualisation on midwifery student learning, compared with traditional education for teaching the third stage of labour: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Nurse Educ Today. 2022;108:105184.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR35","first-page":"110","volume":"37","author":"PK Montanhesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montanhesi PK, Coelho G, Curcio S, Poffo R. Three-dimensional printing in minimally invasive cardiac surgery: optimizing surgical planning and education with life-like models. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;37(1):110\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04916-8","volume":"23","author":"X Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu X, Wang Y, Li J, Qing P, Yang X, Zeng J, et al. Three-dimensional multimodality image reconstruction as teaching tool for case-based learning among medical postgraduates: a focus on primary pelvic bone tumour education. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):944.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"8152_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/JMECD.S20377","volume":"3","author":"SF McLean","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLean SF. Case-based learning and its application in medical and health-care fields: a review of worldwide literature. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2016;3:JMECD.S20377.","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06621-6","volume":"25","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen J, Guo H, Liu W, Li M. The integrated teaching practice of medical cloud dictionary development and project-based learning. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):30.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"20","key":"8152_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025918","volume":"100","author":"H Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan H, Huang E, Deng X, Ouyang S. Application of 3D printing technology combined with PBL teaching model in teaching clinical nursing in congenital heart surgery: a case-control study. Medicine. 2021;100(20):e25918.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"47","key":"8152_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031970","volume":"101","author":"W Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang W, Jiang W, Jin P, Zhang J, Xia J, Wei W, et al. Application of 3D printing technology combined with PBL teaching method in clinical teaching of cerebrovascular disease: an observational study. Medicine. 2022;101(47):e31970.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"8152_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3","volume":"16","author":"CE Hmelo-Silver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hmelo-Silver CE. Problem-based learning: what and how do students learn. Educ Psychol Rev. 2004;16(3):235\u201366.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02306-y","volume":"20","author":"W Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao W, He L, Deng W, Zhu J, Su A, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of the combined problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL) teaching method in the clinical practical teaching of thyroid disease. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):381.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8152_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04508-6","volume":"23","author":"X Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan X, Zhu Y, Fang L, Ding P, Fang S, Zhou J, et al. Enhancing medical education in respiratory diseases: efficacy of a 3D printing, problem-based, and case-based learning approach. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):512.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"8152_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12486","volume":"24","author":"OH Oderinu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oderinu OH, Adegbulugbe IC, Orenuga OO, Butali A. Comparison of students\u2019 perception of problem-based learning and traditional teaching method in a Nigerian dental school. Eur J Dent Educ. 2020;24(2):207\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4104_2","volume":"41","author":"DR Krathwohl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krathwohl DR. A revision of bloom\u2019s taxonomy: an overview. Theory Into Pract. 2002;41(4):212\u20138.","journal-title":"Theory Into Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"8152_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1635","volume":"10","author":"DA Morton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morton DA, Colbert-Getz JM. Measuring the impact of the flipped anatomy classroom: the importance of categorizing an assessment by bloom\u2019s taxonomy. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(2):170\u20135.","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1144-3846","volume":"159","author":"U Spiegl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spiegl U, Schnake KJ, Hartmann F, Katscher S, Riehle M, Scheyerer MJ, et al. Traumatic fractures of the thoracic spine. Z Orthop Unfall. 2021;159(4):373\u201382.","journal-title":"Z Orthop Unfall"},{"issue":"3","key":"8152_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.06.014","volume":"68","author":"N Gavira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gavira N, Amelot A, Cook AR, Hamel A, Buffenoir K, Cristini J. Thoracolumbar spinal fracture in children: Conservative or surgical treatment. Neurochirurgie. 2022;68(3):309\u201314.","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"8152_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16496","volume":"11","author":"D Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhao W, Ren L, Tao K, Li M, Su B, et al. Digital PBL-CBL teaching method improves students\u2019 performance in learning complex implant cases in atrophic anterior maxilla. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16496.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8152_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1184-7","volume":"51","author":"A Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim A, Wong-Kee-You A, Wiseheart M, Rosenbaum RS. The spacing effect stands up to big data. Behav Res Methods. 2019;51(4):1485\u201397.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"8152_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.685245","volume":"12","author":"CE Greving","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greving CE, Richter T. Beyond the distributed practice effect: is distributed learning also effective for learning with non-repeated text materials. Front Psychol. 2021;12:685245.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:15:32Z","timestamp":1762884932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08152-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6920"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhuzhou 331 Hospital (approval No. ZZS331YYLL-202202-JX1-J1). Before enrollment, all participants received written and verbal information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and anticipated benefits, and each provided written informed consent. The use of patient imaging data to generate 3D models for educational purposes was approved with a waiver of consent; all images were fully de-identified prior to export and printing, and no identifiable patient information was accessible to learners or study staff involved in teaching. The trial was conducted in accordance with institutional policies and relevant ethical regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1579"}}