{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T23:28:21Z","timestamp":1784417301128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a growing global and national health concern, particularly among Palestinian children who face significant psychosocial, educational, and structural barriers to optimal disease management. Effective self-care requires developmentally appropriate education that enhances self-efficacy, supports family involvement, and promotes independent diabetes self-management. Orem\u2019s Self-Care Model provides a theoretical framework for identifying self-care deficits and guiding supportive\u2013educative interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of applying Orem\u2019s Self-Care Model on self-efficacy, diabetes self-management, quality of life (QoL), and HbA1c among children with T1DM in Hebron, Palestine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A quasi-experimental pretest\u2013posttest-controlled design was conducted among 48 children aged 8\u201312 years attending governmental and private pediatric diabetes clinics. Participants were allocated into intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924) and control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924) groups based on clinic grouping. The intervention comprised four structured, two-hour supportive\u2013educative sessions grounded in Orem\u2019s model. Standard routine care was provided to the control group. Outcomes were measured using validated Arabic versions of the Children\u2019s Self-Efficacy Scale, PedsQL 3.0 Diabetes Module, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), and laboratory-recorded HbA1c. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant improvements were observed in the intervention group for self-efficacy, self-management, QoL, and HbA1c. HbA1c decreased from 14.0% to 10.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001), compared with a nonsignificant change in the control group (13.4% to 12.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.306). Posttest comparisons confirmed superior outcomes in the intervention group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05 across variables).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orem\u2019s Self-Care Model significantly enhanced glycemic control and psychosocial self-care capacities among Palestinian children with T1DM. Theory-based, family-centered educational interventions represent a feasible and effective strategy for improving pediatric diabetes outcomes in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08520-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:22:06Z","timestamp":1767622926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Orem\u2019s Self-Care Model on self-efficacy, self-management, quality of life, and HbA1c among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Palestine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3396-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u2019ai","family":"Aburayyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candan","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"8520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. 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Written informed consent was obtained from parents, and assent was obtained from participating children. Confidentiality and voluntary participation were assured.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"539"}}