{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1781643527897,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern, primarily affecting older adults and individuals with comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. The presence of multiple comorbidities often leads to polypharmacy, thereby increasing the risk of complex drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Pharmacists play a pivotal role in minimizing these risks and ensuring safe and appropriate therapy and care for patients with CKD. This study aimed to evaluate hospital and community pharmacists\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding CKD and identify the perceived barriers to CKD care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to January 2024 in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Hospital and community pharmacists were recruited via non-probability convenience and snowball sampling. A self-administered exploratory, context-specific questionnaire was used to collect data from 406 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics, including Spearman correlation and logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 432 respondents, 26 were excluded due to incomplete data, resulting in a valid response rate of 93.9% (406). Slightly more than half of the respondents were female (51.5%), nearly half were aged 22\u201330 years (48.0%), and the majority had 1\u20135 years of experience (68.7%). Median KAP scores were: knowledge 12 (IQR10-14), attitude 34 (IQR 31\u201337), and practice 24 (IQR 21\u201326). Good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice were observed in (57.4%), (53.0%), and (50.2%) of respondents, respectively. Regarding barriers, limited follow-up after consultation (50.0%) and lack of awareness among patients\/community (45.8%) were the most frequently reported. Significant positive correlations were found between knowledge and attitude (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.207), knowledge and practice (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.237), and attitude and practice (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.472) (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Binary logistic regression revealed that training predicted higher knowledge, while practice location and seminar participation predicted positive attitude and good practice (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gaps exist in pharmacists\u2019 CKD-related KAP, highlighting the need for targeted education and training programs. Strengthening pharmacy curricula and providing ongoing professional development are crucial to enhancing pharmacists\u2019 clinical competencies and improving care for CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:53:15Z","timestamp":1774353195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacists towards chronic kidney disease in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6142-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Amir","family":"Hamza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shairyar","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudassar Iqbal","family":"Arain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song YK, Jeong S, Han N, Na H, Jang HY, Sohn M, et al. Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist service on drug-related problems and patient outcomes for hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2021;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10081788.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081788"},{"key":"9070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-020-00982-w","volume":"42","author":"A Khokhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khokhar A, Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Khan HM, Alotaibi NH, Alzarea AI, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist intervention model for chronic kidney disease patients: a prospective comparative study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42:625\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-020-00982-w.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"9070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamza MA, Ullah S, Ahsan H, Ali W, Masud M, Ahmed A. Health literacy, illness perception, and their association with medication adherence in end-stage renal disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2025;57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-025-04472-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-025-04472-8"},{"key":"9070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30045-3","volume":"395","author":"B Bikbov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bikbov B, Purcell C, Levey AS, Smith M, Abdoli A, Abebe M, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395:709\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30045-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alemu H, Hailu W, Adane A. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among patients with diabetes in northwest Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.curtheres.2020.100578.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2020.100578"},{"key":"9070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.248307","volume":"29","author":"S Imtiaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imtiaz S, Salman B, Qureshi R, Drohlia MF, Ahmad A. A review of the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Pakistan: a global and regional perspective. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2018;29:1441\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-2442.248307.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"key":"9070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.53778\/pjkd71209","volume":"7","author":"S Imtiaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imtiaz S, Alam A. Epidemiology and demography of chronic kidney disease in Pakistan- a review of Pakistani literature. Pak J Kidney Dis. 2023;7:2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53778\/pjkd71209.","journal-title":"Pak J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"9070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan M, Sutradhar I, Gupta R, Das, Sarker M. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in South Asia: A systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-018-1072-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1072-5"},{"key":"9070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shouqair TM, Rabbani SA, Sridhar SB, Kurian MT. Evaluation of drug-related problems in chronic kidney disease patients. Cureus. 2022;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24019.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24019"},{"key":"9070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sullivan MK, Rankin AJ, Jani BD, Mair FS, Mark PB. Associations between multimorbidity and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038401.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038401"},{"key":"9070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayat M, Ahmad N, Mohkumuddin S, Ali Khan SL, Khan AH, Haq NU, et al. Frequency, types and predictors of drug therapy problems among non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. PLoS ONE. 2023;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284439.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284439"},{"key":"9070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zafar R, Ur Rehman I, Shah Y, Ming LC, Goh HP, Goh KW. Comparative analysis of potential drug-drug interactions in a public and private hospital among chronic kidney disease patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291417.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291417"},{"key":"9070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zafar R, Rehman IU, Shah Y, Goh KW, Ming LC, Suleiman AK, et al. Assessment of inappropriate dose adjustment of antimicrobials and other medicines among chronic kidney disease patients: a multicenter observational study. Progress Microbes Mol Biol. 2023;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36877\/pmmb.a0000348.","DOI":"10.36877\/pmmb.a0000348"},{"key":"9070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zafar R, Rehman IU, Shah Y, Ming LC, Goh KW, Suleiman AK, et al. Impact of pharmacist-led intervention for reducing drug-related problems and improving quality of life among chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2025;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317734.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317734"},{"key":"9070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.07.002","volume":"26","author":"SM Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang SM, Hsiao LC, Ting IW, Yu TM, Liang CC, Kuo HL, et al. Multidisciplinary care in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:640\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.07.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy10050125","volume":"10","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atkinson J. Advances in pharmacy practice: a look towards the future. Pharm (Basel). 2022;10(5):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy10050125.","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"9070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hindi AMK, Campbell SM, Jacobs S, Schafheutle EI. Developing a quality framework for community pharmacy: a systematic review of international literature. BMJ Open. 2024;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079820.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-079820"},{"key":"9070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2024.100472","volume":"15","author":"N Martini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martini N, Sajtos L, Idio L, Kaur M, Sweeney N, Zhang C, et al. The future of pharmacy work: How pharmacists are adapting to and preparing for technology infusion. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2024;15:100472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcsop.2024.100472.","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"9070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hallit S, Zeidan RK, Saade S, Hajj A, Hallit R, Yahchouchy C et al. Corrigendum to Knowledge, attitude and practice of lebanese community pharmacists toward chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:86\u201395]. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/jegh.k.200606.001.","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.200606.001"},{"key":"9070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/iprp.s391415","volume":"12","author":"AB Yabeyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yabeyu AB, Haile KT, Molore S. Community pharmacy professional\u2019s knowledge, attitude, and practice with regard to pediatric pain management. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2023;12:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/iprp.s391415.","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ardavani A, Curtis F, Khunti K, Wilkinson TJ. The effect of pharmacist-led interventions on the management and outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1064.","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1064"},{"key":"9070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr287","volume":"27","author":"TM Salgado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salgado TM, Moles R, Benrimoj SI, Fernandez-Llimos F. Pharmacists\u2019 interventions in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2012;27:276\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfr287.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"9070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim AJ, Lee H, Shin EJ, Cho EJ, Cho YS, Lee H, et al. Pharmacist-led collaborative medication management for the elderly with chronic kidney disease and polypharmacy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18084370.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084370"},{"key":"9070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cooney D, Moon H, Liu Y, Miller RT, Perzynski A, Watts B, et al. A pharmacist-based intervention to improve the care of patients with CKD: a pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-015-0052-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0052-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"9070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v4i1.483","volume":"4","author":"K Rav-Marathe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rav-Marathe K, Wan TTH, Marathe S. A systematic review on the KAP-O framework for diabetes education and research. Med Res Arch. 2016;4(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18103\/mra.v4i1.483.","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.sja_543_18","volume":"13","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(Suppl 1):S31\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sja.sja_543_18.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"9070_CR27","unstructured":"Pharmacy Council of Pakistan. Official website. https:\/\/pcpisb.gov.pk\/. Accessed 19 Sep 2025."},{"key":"9070_CR28","unstructured":"Raosoft I. Sample Size Calculator http:\/\/www.raosoft.com\/samplesize.html. Accessed 25 Apr 2025."},{"key":"9070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09192-5","volume":"20","author":"AD Wolide","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolide AD, Kumela K, Kerga F, Debalke S, Seboka M, Edilu B, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward chronic kidney disease among care providers in Jimma town: cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09192-5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50247","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50247","volume":"15","author":"N Al-Zaman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Zaman N, Alem A, Alharbi OA, Ahmed Abdullah E, Azouni DW, Hammad RK, et al. Physicians\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and barriers regarding chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023;15:e50247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50247.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"9070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tariq MH, Sulaiman SAS, Farrukh MJ, Goh KW, Ming LC. Development and validation of chronic kidney disease knowledge, attitude, and practices (CKD-KAP) questionnaire. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.956449.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.956449"},{"key":"9070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolide AD, Kumela K, Kerga F, Debalke S, Seboka M, Edilu B, et al. Health sciences students knowledge, attitude and practices with chronic kidney disease in Jimma University, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4426-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4426-6"},{"key":"9070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choukem SP, Nchifor PK, Halle MP, Nebongo DN, Mboue-Djieka Y, Kaze FF, et al. Knowledge of physicians on chronic kidney disease and their attitudes towards referral, in two cities of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-016-1845-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1845-5"},{"key":"9070_CR34","unstructured":"National Kidney Foundation. NKF KDOQI clinical practice guidelines. https:\/\/www.kidney.org\/professionals\/kdoqi. Accessed 19 Sep 2025."},{"key":"9070_CR35","unstructured":"KDIGO. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines. https:\/\/kdigo.org\/guidelines\/. Accessed 19 Sep 2025."},{"key":"9070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tairou F, Nawaz S, Tahita MC, Herrera S, Faye B, Tine RCK. Malaria prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in an area of persistent transmission in Senegal: Results from a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274656.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274656"},{"key":"9070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Malla R, Shrestha S, Singh P, Sherchand JB. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on COVID-19 among the general population in most affected districts of Nepal. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001977.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001977"},{"key":"9070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mursy SM, Elbager M, Mohamed SOO. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards Hepatitis B infection among nurses and midwives in two maternity hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Public Health. 2019;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7982-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7982-8"},{"key":"9070_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51847\/kjvdv1h2gl","volume":"11","author":"S Azhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azhar S, Sulaiman S, Tariq MH. Evaluation of pharmacist\u2019s knowledge regarding chronic kidney disease. Arch Pharm Pract. 2020;11:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51847\/kjvdv1h2gl.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.51847\/m8tngvmjfy","volume":"7","author":"AK Suleiman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suleiman AK, Melaibari M, Alkhaldi T, Almuhisen S, Alharbi S, Kharshid A, et al. Pharmacist perceived barriers to pharmaceutical care of chronic and end stage kidney disease patients in Saudi Arabia. Arch Pharm Pract. 2016;7:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51847\/m8tngvmjfy.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Zaman N, Alem A, Alharbi OA, Ahmed Abdullah E, Azouni DW, Hammad RK, et al. Physicians\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and barriers regarding chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50247.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50247"},{"key":"9070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.35516\/jjps.v17i4.2463","volume":"17","author":"AS Jarab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jarab AS, Khdour M, Mukattash T, Subeh H, Ghayada A, Mhanna A, et al. Pharmacists\u2019 knowledge about chronic kidney disease and its management: exploring gaps and the associated factors. Jordan J Pharm Sci. 2024;17:675\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35516\/jjps.v17i4.2463.","journal-title":"Jordan J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"9070_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21833\/ijaas.2024.07.004","volume":"11","author":"AM Alrasheeday","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alrasheeday AM, Alshammari MH, Alkubati SA, Llego JH, Alshammari DM, Alshammari HH, et al. Nurses\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and practice toward chronic kidney disease in hemodialysis centers at Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Int J Adv Appl Sci. 2024;11:31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21833\/ijaas.2024.07.004.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Appl Sci"},{"key":"9070_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ska-Stroschein M. The effectiveness of pharmacist interventions in the management of patient with renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811170.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811170"},{"key":"9070_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2022.19.3.0254","volume":"19","author":"T Tamilselvan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tamilselvan T, Sabu A, Shahzadi A, Basheer N, Sreelakshmi S. Impact of patient counselling on perception and medication adherence of hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2022;19:287\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/gscbps.2022.19.3.0254.","journal-title":"GSC Biol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"9070_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i9.19881","volume":"9","author":"JA Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas JA, Snigdha KS, Karanath PM, Swaroop AM. Impact of patient counselling on knowledge, attitude, and practice of hypertensive patients in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;9:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i9.19881.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"9070_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rendrayani F, Utami AM, Insani WN, Puspita F, Alfian SD, Nguyen T, et al. Interventions to improve pharmacists\u2019 competency in chronic disease management: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06393-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06393-z"},{"key":"9070_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-023-00686-8","volume":"59","author":"AA Dabilgou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dabilgou AA, Ou\u00e9draogo E, Drav\u00e9 A, Kyelem JMAW, Savadogo WJNW, Napon C, et al. Community pharmacists\u2019 knowledge, attitudes toward epilepsy and availability of antiepileptic drugs in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41983-023-00686-8.","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"9070_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/jmdh.s442396","volume":"17","author":"AS Jarab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jarab AS, Al-Qerem W, Alzoubi KH, Almomani N, Heshmeh SRA, Mukattash TL, et al. Role of community pharmacist in asthma management: knowledge, attitudes and practice. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024;17:11\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jmdh.s442396.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"9070_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.10.003","volume":"144","author":"TS Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen TS, Nguyen TLH, Pham TTV, Cao TBT, Nguyen VK, Hua S, et al. Effectiveness of a short training program for community pharmacists to improve knowledge and practice of asthma counselling: a simulated patient study. Respir Med. 2018;144:50\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.10.003.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"9070_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5530\/jppcm.2020.4.15","volume":"6","author":"S Pawar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pawar S, Pawar A. Impact of structured diabetes pharmaceutical care training on practices of community pharmacist. J Pharm Pract Community Med. 2021;6:46\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/jppcm.2020.4.15.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract Community Med"},{"key":"9070_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0324620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324620","volume":"20","author":"F Alzahrani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alzahrani F, Almutairi N, Aloufi A, Kattan A, Hakeem A, Alharbi M, et al. Adoption of evidence-based medicine: a comparative study of hospital and community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0324620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324620.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9070_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-0912-0","volume":"20","author":"AMK Hindi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hindi AMK, Schafheutle EI, Jacobs S. Community pharmacy integration within the primary care pathway for people with long-term conditions: a focus group study of patients\u2019, pharmacists\u2019 and GPs\u2019 experiences and expectations. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0912-0.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485327","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1485327","volume":"13","author":"AK Sendekie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sendekie AK, Belachew EA, Limenh LW, Chanie GS, Bizuneh GK, Dagnaw AD, et al. Roles and barriers of community pharmacy professionals in the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1485327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1485327.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"9070_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7174.2012.00192.x","volume":"20","author":"VM Lea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lea VM, Corlett SA, Rodgers RM. Workload and its impact on community pharmacists\u2019 job satisfaction and stress: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012;20:259\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7174.2012.00192.x.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000312718","volume":"19","author":"YC Chiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiang YC, Lee CN, Lin YM, Yen YH, Chen HY. Impact of a continuing education program on pharmacists\u2019 knowledge and attitudes toward asthma patient care. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19:305\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000312718.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"9070_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy5010003","volume":"5","author":"S Ismail","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ismail S, Al Khansa S, Aseeri M, Alhamdan H, Quadri K. From learning to decision-making: a cross-sectional survey of a clinical pharmacist-steered journal club. Pharm (Basel). 2017;5:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy5010003.","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"9070_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarker MHR, Moriyama M, Rashid HU, Rahman MM, Chisti MJ, Das SK, et al. Chronic kidney disease awareness campaign and mobile health education to improve knowledge, quality of life, and motivation for a healthy lifestyle among patients with chronic kidney disease in Bangladesh: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/37314.","DOI":"10.2196\/37314"},{"key":"9070_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1679-7","volume":"50","author":"Y Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi Y, Xiong J, Chen Y, Deng J, Peng H, Zhao J, et al. The effectiveness of multidisciplinary care models for patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50:301\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-017-1679-7.","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"9070_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-025-00493-8","volume":"11","author":"MA Hamza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamza MA, Imran F, Ahmed A, Ali W, Siddique H, Ahsan H, et al. Medication therapy management in Pakistan: a cross-sectional evaluation of pharmacists\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2025;11:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40780-025-00493-8.","journal-title":"J Pharm Health Care Sci"},{"key":"9070_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan N, McGarry K, Naqvi AA, Iqbal MS, Haider Z. Pharmacists\u2019 viewpoint towards their professional role in healthcare system: A survey of hospital settings of Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05459-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05459-0"},{"key":"9070_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650137","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.650137","volume":"12","author":"K Hayat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayat K, Mustafa ZU, Godman B, Arshed M, Zhang J, Khan FU, et al. Perceptions, expectations, and experience of physicians about pharmacists and pharmaceutical care services in Pakistan: findings and implications. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:650137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.650137.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"9070_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06897-0","volume":"21","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Saqlain M, Tanveer M, Blebil AQ, Dujaili JA, Hasan SS. The impact of clinical pharmacist services on patient health outcomes in Pakistan: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21:859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06897-0.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"9070_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.05.008","volume":"70","author":"L Lalonde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lalonde L, Quintana-B\u00e1rcena P, Lord A, Bell R, Cl\u00e9ment V, Daigneault AM, et al. Community pharmacist training-and-communication network and drug-related problems in patients with CKD: a multicenter, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70:386\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.05.008.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"9070_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stemer G, Lemmens-Gruber R. Clinical pharmacy activities in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a systematic literature review. BMC Nephrol. 2011;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2369-12-35.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-35"},{"key":"9070_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-016-0330-5","volume":"38","author":"PA Gheewala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gheewala PA, Peterson GM, Zaidi STR, Bereznicki L, Jose MD, Castelino RL. A web-based training program to support chronic kidney disease screening by community pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38:1080\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-016-0330-5.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"9070_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.20119","volume":"31","author":"ME Legris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Legris ME, S\u00e9guin NC, Desforges K, Sauv\u00e9 P, Lord A, Bell R, et al. Pharmacist Web-based training program on medication use in chronic kidney disease patients: impact on knowledge, skills, and satisfaction. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2011;31:140\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chp.20119.","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Health Prof"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:46:24Z","timestamp":1781642784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09070-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan (Reference number: REC\/RIPS-G-7\/4\/2023\/22). Informed written consent was obtained from each participant to confirm their voluntary participation in the study. This research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"711"}}