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Traditional training methods using animal models or cadavers are costly and ethically constrained. This study aims to develop and evaluate a novel, cost-effective, and safe 3D-printed mold-based silicone model for LDSRS simulation training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The model was validated through a multi-phase evaluation. Ten expert laparoscopic surgeons (senior group) evaluated the model\u2019s face and content validity using 5-point Likert scales. Twenty trainee surgeons, divided by clinical experience into intermediate (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) and junior (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) groups, completed ten training sessions to assess training effectiveness. Operative time and performance scores across groups were recorded and compared to assess structural validity of model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experts confirmed high face and content validity (all items\u2009&gt;\u20094\/5, except texture: 3.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82). Construct validity was strong: performance scores increased significantly with experience (junior: 17.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69; intermediate: 22.90\u2009\u00b1\u20090.79; senior: 33.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), while time decreased (junior: 22.87\u2009\u00b1\u20090.84\u00a0min; intermediate: 17.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u00a0min; senior: 4.90\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u00a0min;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Learning curves showed proficiency gains both intermediate and junior groups, with inflection points at session 6 (juniors) and session 4 (intermediates), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed 3D-printed mold-based silicone model demonstrates high realism and is a valid and effective tool for LDSRS simulation training. It shows potential for improving technical skills within a simulated setting\u200b and may serve as a valuable component of structured surgical training curricula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09095-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:26:50Z","timestamp":1776068810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a Novel 3D-printed mold-based silicone model for laparoscopic duodenal stump reinforcement suture simulation training"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Qiancheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9095_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-014-0445-0","volume":"19","author":"L Cozzaglio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cozzaglio L, Giovenzana M, Biffi R, et al. 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