{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:55:50Z","timestamp":1781646950179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017957","name":"Guizhou Provincial Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["gzwkj2025-176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2025-176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the association between professional course teachers' teaching behavior and medical students' self-reported professional competence, with a particular focus on the mediating role of professional identity evaluation and the moderating role of campus environment satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey design was employed, recruiting 430 full-time undergraduate students from a medical university in Guizhou Province, China. Data were collected via self-reported questionnaires measuring four core variables\u2014evaluation of teaching behavior, professional identity evaluation, campus environment satisfaction, and self-reported professional competence\u2014using 5-point Likert scales. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) Teaching behavior evaluation was significantly and positively associated with self-reported professional competence; (2) Professional identity evaluation partially mediated this relationship; and (3) Campus environment satisfaction significantly moderated the association between professional identity evaluation and self-reported professional competence, such that the positive relationship was stronger at higher levels of campus environment satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings offer theoretical insights and practical implications for optimizing teaching behaviors and enhancing the cultivation of professional competence among medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:52:20Z","timestamp":1775037140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of professional course teaching behavior and self-reported professional competence in medical students: the effects of professional identity evaluation and campus environment satisfaction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxian","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henggui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.501190","volume":"32","author":"JR Frank","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frank JR, Snell LS, Cate OT, Holmboe ES, Carraccio C, Swing SR, et al. Competency-based medical education: theory to practice. Med Teach. 2010;32:638\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0142159X.2010.501190.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"9096_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.500704","volume":"32","author":"ES Holmboe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holmboe ES, Sherbino J, Long DM, Swing SR, Frank JR, For The International Cbme Collaborators. The role of assessment in competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 2010;32:676\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0142159X.2010.500704.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"9096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06868-7","volume":"25","author":"J Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song J, Wei G, Cheng H, Yan Y, Yang S. Establishing a set of qualities for clinical teaching faculty in undergraduate medical internship. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:298\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06868-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105774","volume":"125","author":"F-F Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao F-F. Teaching behaviours of clinical teachers and professional commitment among nursing students: a moderated mediation model of optimism and psychological well-being. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;125:105774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105774.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"9096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1884886","volume":"31","author":"MA Qureshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qureshi MA, Khaskheli A, Qureshi JA, Raza SA, Yousufi SQ. Factors affecting students\u2019 learning performance through collaborative learning and engagement. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31:2371\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2021.1884886.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"9096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54392\/ijll2441","volume":"5","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou X, Wu Y. The interplay between teacher support, behavioral engagement, and academic performance among Chinese secondary EFL learners. Indian J Lang Linguist. 2024;5:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54392\/ijll2441.","journal-title":"Indian J Lang Linguist"},{"key":"9096_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S401766","volume":"14","author":"MA Tanveer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanveer MA, Mildestvedt T, Skj\u00e6rseth IG, Arntzen HH, Kenne E, Bonnevier A, et al. Peer teaching in undergraduate medical education: what are the learning outputs for the student-teachers? A systematic review. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2023;14:723\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AMEP.S401766.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"key":"9096_CR8","volume-title":"Social Fundations of Thought and Action:A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"A Bandura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bandura A. Social Fundations of Thought and Action:A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall,Inc; 1986."},{"key":"9096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2022.2056741","volume":"35","author":"A Neufeld","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neufeld A, Babenko O, Lai H, Svrcek C, Malin G. Why do we feel like intellectual frauds? A self-determination theory perspective on the impostor phenomenon in medical students. Teach Learn Med. 2023;35:181\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401334.2022.2056741.","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"key":"9096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S527054","volume":"18","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng Z, Qian Y, Zhang W, Hu J, Jiang J, Zeng L, et al. Enhancing psychosomatic medicine skills in general practitioners: insights from ecological systems theory. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:5591\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S527054.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"III","key":"9096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.47772\/IJRISS.2024.803084","volume":"VIII","author":"T Shivolo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shivolo T, Mokiwa HO. Unpacking the practical work inquiry practice framework for improving science practical work and inquiry: A namibian perspective. Int J Res Innov Soc Sci. 2024;VIII(III):1118\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2024.803084.","journal-title":"Int J Res Innov Soc Sci"},{"key":"9096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amin S, Ambreen S, Ul-Ain N, Murad T, Sajwani K, Qaiser A. Professionalism program evaluation and its impact on undergraduate medical students. Cureus. 2024:1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.53051.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53051"},{"key":"9096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000427","volume":"89","author":"RL Cruess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Snell L, Steinert Y. Reframing medical education to support professional identity formation: Acad Med. Acad Med. 2014;89:1446\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000427.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.06.031","volume":"105","author":"T Bhuiya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhuiya T, Zhong X, Pollack G, Fornari A, Ahuja TK. Tell me more\u00ae: a medical student focused humanistic communication model to enhance student professional identity formation through meaningful patient encounters. Patient Educ Couns. 2022;105:641\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2021.06.031.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"9096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003369","volume":"95","author":"R Sternszus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sternszus R, Boudreau JD, Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Macdonald ME, Steinert Y. Clinical teachers\u2019 perceptions of their role in professional identity formation. Acad Med. 2020;95:1594\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003369.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.29074\/ascls.2018000570","volume":"31","author":"CN Otto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Otto CN. Professions, professionalism, and professional identity. Am Soc Clin Lab Sci. 2018;31:142\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29074\/ascls.2018000570.","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"9096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.18196\/jai.v26i3.27006","volume":"26","author":"SA Suwadji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suwadji SA, Lestari R, Muthmainnah DR, Na\u2019im A. The determinants of accounting student perceptions of earnings management in indonesia. J Account Invest. 2025;26:1211\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18196\/jai.v26i3.27006.","journal-title":"J Account Invest"},{"key":"9096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01754-7","volume":"33","author":"V Faihs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faihs V, Heininger S, McLennan S, Gartmeier M, Berberat PO, Wijnen-Meijer M. Professional identity and motivation for medical school in first-year medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Sci Educ. 2023;33:431\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40670-023-01754-7.","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1248-5","volume":"18","author":"CLF Visser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Visser CLF, Wilschut JA, Isik U, Van Der Burgt SME, Croiset G, Kusurkar RA. The association of readiness for interprofessional learning with empathy, motivation and professional identity development in medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18:125\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1248-5.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07387-1","volume":"25","author":"K Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang K, Yang X, Han Z, Li K, Yu Y, Mao Z, et al. Professional identity among forensic medicine students: A cross-sectional study in jiangsu province, east China. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:786\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07387-1.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR21","volume-title":"Urban economics","author":"A O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan A. Urban economics. 8th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill\/Irwin; 2012.","edition":"8th edition"},{"key":"9096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-6-59","volume":"6","author":"KS Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan KS, Coomarasamy A. A hierarchy of effective teaching and learning to acquire competence in evidenced-based medicine. BMC Med Educ. 2006;6:59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6920-6-59.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR23","unstructured":"Mason JH. Exploring the influence of high-stakes testing and accountability on teachers' professional identities through the factors of instructional practice, work environment, and teacher efficacy [Dissertation]. Cullowhee: Western Carolina University; 2010."},{"key":"9096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03589-z","volume":"22","author":"RQE Toh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toh RQE, Koh KK, Lua JK, Wong RSM, Quah ELY, Panda A, et al. The role of mentoring, supervision, coaching, teaching and instruction on professional identity formation: a systematic scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22:531\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03589-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1463557","volume":"15","author":"Y Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng Y, Zhang C. The influence of achievement motivation on the educational practice ability of pre-service teachers: the multiple mediating role of professional identity and learning engagement. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1463557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1463557.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-004-1598-1","volume":"46","author":"PD Umbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Umbach PD, Wawrzynski MR. Faculty do matter: the role of college faculty in student learning and engagement. Res High Educ. 2005;46:153\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11162-004-1598-1.","journal-title":"Res High Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106905","volume":"157","author":"SM Amin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Amin SM, El-Ashry AM, Karim NAHA, Atta MHR, Alqarawi N, Khedr MA, et al. Shaping competence through identity: the mediating role of professional identity in the relationship between clinical learning environment and nursing competence among nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2026;157:106905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106905.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"9096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12030160","volume":"12","author":"B Rusyidi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusyidi B, Chen Y-Y, Shih Y-C, McCarthy M, Tseng Y-H. Social work students\u2019 perception of education quality, commitment, and competence: comparison of indonesia and taiwan. Soc Sci. 2023;12:161\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12030160.","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"key":"9096_CR29","volume-title":"Assessment for Excellence: The Philosophy and Practice of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education","author":"AW Astin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Astin AW. Assessment for Excellence: The Philosophy and Practice of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. New York: Macmillan; 1991."},{"key":"9096_CR30","volume-title":"High-impact educational practices: what they are, who has acces to them, and why they matter","author":"GD Kuh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuh GD. High-impact educational practices: what they are, who has acces to them, and why they matter. 1st edition. District of Columbia: American Association of Colleges & Universities; 2008.","edition":"1st edition"},{"key":"9096_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017993113390","volume":"42","author":"M Koljatic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koljatic M, Kuh GD. A longitudinal assessment of college student engagement in good practices in undergraduate education. High Educ. 2001;42:351\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1017993113390.","journal-title":"High Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR32","volume-title":"Measuring Outcomes of College: Fifty Years of Findings and Recommendations for the Future","author":"CR (CR ) Pace","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pace CR (CR ). Measuring Outcomes of College: Fifty Years of Findings and Recommendations for the Future. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1979."},{"key":"9096_CR33","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford publications; 2017."},{"key":"9096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valestrand EA, Whelan B, Eliassen KER, Schei E. Alienation in the teaching hospital: How physician non-greeting behaviour impacts medical students&rsquo; learning and professional identity formation. Perspect Med Educ. 2024;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/pme.1185.","DOI":"10.5334\/pme.1185"},{"key":"9096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.22146\/jpki.87930","volume":"13","author":"L Luthfianasari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luthfianasari L, Pamungkasari EP, Hermasari BK. The relationship between the perception of professional identity and the professionalism level of medical students. Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: Indonesian J Med Educ. 2024;13:262\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22146\/jpki.87930.","journal-title":"Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: Indonesian J Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103252","volume":"57","author":"X Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao X, Yu L, Shen Y, Kang Z, Wang X. The role of self-efficacy in mediating between professional identity and self-reported competence among nursing students in the internship period: a quantitative study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2021;57:103252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103252.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"9096_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318183e3d4","volume":"83","author":"JL Quaintance","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quaintance JL, Arnold L, Thompson GS. Development of an instrument to measure the climate of professionalism in a clinical teaching environment. Acad Med. 2008;83(Supplement):S5-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318183e3d4.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9096_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S222774","volume":"10","author":"AC Spoto-Cannons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spoto-Cannons AC, Isom DM, Feldman M, Zwygart KK, Mhaskar R, Greenberg MR. Differences in medical student self-evaluations of clinical and professional skills. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019;10:835\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AMEP.S222774.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"key":"9096_CR39","unstructured":"Byram JN. The professionalization of medical students: a longitudinal analysis of professional identity formation and professionalism perceptions in second and third year medical students [Dissertation]. Indianapolis: Indiana University; 2017."},{"key":"9096_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05875-4","volume":"24","author":"B Mukhalalati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mukhalalati B, Aly A, Yakti O, Elshami S, Daud A, Awaisu A, et al. Examining the perception of undergraduate health professional students of their learning environment, learning experience and professional identity development: a mixed-methods study. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24:886\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05875-4.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9096_CR41","first-page":"148","volume":"22","author":"N Lai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lai N, Nalliah S, Jutti R, Hla Y, Lim V. The educational environment and self- perceived clinical competence of senior medical students in a malaysian medical school. Educ Health. 2009;22:148.","journal-title":"Educ Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:19:03Z","timestamp":1781644743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09096-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study strictly adhered to established ethical standards for social science research. Prior to questionnaire administration, all participants were fully informed of the research purpose, content, and data usage policies, with explicit clarification that participation was entirely voluntary and that respondents could withdraw from the survey at any time without adverse consequences. The questionnaires were administered anonymously, with no collection of personally identifiable information such as names or contact details, thereby ensuring strict protection of participant privacy. All data were used exclusively for academic analysis and report preparation, with no commercial or other secondary applications. The research content involved no sensitive or potentially harmful questions and posed no identifiable ethical risks. Informed consent was obtained from all participants for the entire research process, and academic integrity and ethical guidelines were rigorously maintained throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"757"}}