{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T12:48:40Z","timestamp":1794055720518,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project on Medical Teaching Reform at Yangzhou University."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:34:52Z","timestamp":1777883692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Utilizing generative artificial intelligence to create simulated patient for history taking in gynecology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingling","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9219_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qfad035","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfad035","volume":"11","author":"J Thomson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomson J, Ross MW, van Deventer H, et al. Assessing comfort with sexuality-related questions in medical students: a little discomfort is better than a lifetime of suffering in silence. Sex Med. 2023;11:qfad035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sexmed\/qfad035.","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"9219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590500410971","volume":"28","author":"T Dornan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dornan T, Littlewood S, Margolis SA, et al. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education? A BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2006;28:3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01421590500410971.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"9219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590903002821","volume":"31","author":"JA Cleland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cleland JA, Abe K, Rethans JJ. The use of simulated patients in medical education: AMEE Guide 42. Med Teach. 2009;31:477\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01421590903002821.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"20240711","key":"9219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159x.2024.2376879","volume":"47","author":"DA Cook","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cook DA. Creating virtual patients using large language models: scalable, global, and low cost. Med Teach. 2025;47(20240711):40\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0142159x.2024.2376879.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"9219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgad137","volume":"100","author":"N Sardesai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sardesai N, Russo P, Martin J, et al. Utilizing generative conversational artificial intelligence to create simulated patient encounters: a pilot study for anaesthesia training. Postgrad Med J. 2024;100:237\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/postmj\/qgad137.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"9219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","volume":"2","author":"TH Kung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digit Health. 2023;2:e0000198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198.","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"9219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59213","DOI":"10.2196\/59213","volume":"10","author":"F Holderried","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holderried F, Stegemann-Philipps C, Herrmann-Werner A, et al. A Language Model-Powered Simulated Patient With Automated Feedback for History Taking: Prospective Study. JMIR Med Educ. 2024;10:e59213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59213.","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"9219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14658","DOI":"10.2196\/14658","volume":"21","author":"S Shorey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shorey S, Ang E, Yap J, et al. A Virtual Counseling Application Using Artificial Intelligence for Communication Skills Training in Nursing Education: Development Study. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21:e14658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14658.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"9219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08006-9","volume":"25","author":"J F\u0105ferek","year":"2025","unstructured":"F\u0105ferek J, Kononowicz AA, Bogutska N, et al. Applying ChatGPT to plan and create a realistic collection of virtual patients for clinical reasoning training. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:1277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-08006-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-025-07157-8","volume":"18","author":"Y Yi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yi Y, Kim KJ. The feasibility of using generative artificial intelligence for history taking in virtual patients. BMC Res Notes. 2025;18:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-025-07157-8.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"9219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06785-9","volume":"25","author":"KY Chan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chan KY, Yuen TH, Co M. Using ChatGPT for medical education: the technical perspective. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-06785-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones B, Desu A, Honig CDF. Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Virtual Patients in Dental Education: A Constructivist Approach to Classroom Implementation. Eur J Dent Educ. 2025;20250603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.13135.","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.13135"},{"key":"9219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14676","DOI":"10.2196\/14676","volume":"21","author":"AA Kononowicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kononowicz AA, Woodham LA, Edelbring S, et al. Virtual Patient Simulations in Health Professions Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21:e14676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14676.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"9219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200410001-00022","volume":"79","author":"KA Ericsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79:S70\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001888-200410001-00022.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x","volume":"39","author":"G Norman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Norman G. Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends. Med Educ. 2005;39:418\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"9219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12806","volume":"50","author":"SH Sulzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sulzer SH, Feinstein NW, Wendland CL. Assessing empathy development in medical education: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2016;50:300\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.12806.","journal-title":"Med Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:32:03Z","timestamp":1782088323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09219-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval and permission to conduct the study were obtained from Northern Jiangsu People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University (No. 2026KY007). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was collected from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1013"}}