{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:44:38Z","timestamp":1787499878409,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:26:18Z","timestamp":1779243978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quality of adverse drug reaction reports submitted to the national pharmacovigilance center of Nepal: a pre- and post-training evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushil","family":"Nepal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan Prasad","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umanga","family":"Tripathee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4424-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santusta","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birna","family":"Trap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Hafner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0057-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Stergachis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"9466_CR1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Good Pharmacovigilance Practices. [Accessed on 15 May 2024]. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory\/post-authorisation\/pharmacovigilance\/good-pharmacovigilance-practices"},{"key":"9466_CR2","unstructured":"Directive 2010\/84\/EI of The European Parliament and of the Council. Official J Eur Union. [Accessed on 18 May 2024]. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/38408e8a-b7bc-467b-8b54-22309d9710e0\/language-en?afd_azwaf_tok=eyJraWQiOiI1MUExNzM1MkJFMzVFNkZCMTE3QUI4MEVDMjhFQjk1NkQ2ODYzNkY5MjA5MENGNENBMTJERTJFREE0MTkxMjY1IiwiYWxnIjoiUlMyNTYifQ.eyJhdWQiOiJvcC5ldXJvcGEuZXUiLCJleHAiOjE3NzkwODcwODQsImlhdCI6MTc3OTA4NzA3NCwiaXNzIjoidGllcjEtN2RiYzVkZjliLXZqbmR3Iiwic3ViIjoiMTEzLjE5OS4yMDguMiIsImRhdGEiOnsidHlwZSI6Imlzc3VlZCIsInJlZiI6IjIwMjYwNTE4VDA2NTExNFotcjE3ZGJjNWRmOWJ2am5kd2hDMUhZRGV1YWcwMDAwMDAwaDRnMDAwMDAwMDA4NnMzIiwiYiI6IjVQVzBPUlZRMnVtbW51Zkh1bzRPb25Ub0tibVZBeDB3MzRacklvc1JKVkUiLCJoIjoiYjAwQi1HdUZUalJiSEhnUkUyRzBZemxESm1lME9GNWJickp5TURpT1dqdyJ9fQ.f-w8jcUaVo2hm6SYKkg3X3v5bfmOqFQQ5QdNMcPSWW8d3L_rSFpFCifFrh_W_Kt0dqWTnWqO4XfO6eyoaNBGdNmZbPUjnDeP0Vm1pMz8TrP6qcdB05wJy7YixI2L-hVrZJ8u4dKT1ihtHz5k5PI-w_4l5SDJFybcGpXp4rpGe1UVk-XutoGJe2v4J2Hp_dOrAni8qwWi5V_QxIOnc9bk8XHprZ-01MW_auxpNA-sqP2gvmtLw-yMyuVwgRbgGQYlYO_TugP1KE8ziXmD25V58gD91K-bNEIuUU-DRkOExw4G2tsYe66hds0CuixYi3ua91h3dnptqvQv83Fe_XlzqA.WF3obl2IDtqgvMFRqVdYkD5s"},{"key":"9466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worakunphanich W, Youngkong S, Suwankesawong W, Anderson C, Thavorncharoensap M. Comparison of Patient Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems in Nine Selected Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084447"},{"issue":"3","key":"9466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.PICR_105_17","volume":"9","author":"MM Mahajan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahajan MM, Thatte UM, Gogtay NJ, Deshpande S. An analysis of completeness and quality of adverse drug reaction reports at an adverse drug reaction monitoring centre in Western India. Perspect Clin Res. 2018;9(3):123\u20136.","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"9466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204209862090961","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620909614","volume":"11","author":"MA Malikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malikova MA. Practical applications of regulatory requirements for signal detection and communications in pharmacovigilance. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2020;11:2042098620909614.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"9466_CR6","unstructured":"Department of Drug Adminstration. Pharmacovigilance. [Accessed on 15 May 2024]. https:\/\/dda.gov.np\/content\/pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"9466_CR7","unstructured":"Program SPS. Indicator-Based Pharmacovigilance Assessment Tool: Manual for Conducting Assessments in Developing Countries. Submitted to the US Agency for International Development by the SPS Program. In.: Management Sciences for Health Arlington, VA; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"9466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/jphsr\/rmab054","volume":"12","author":"N Jha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jha N, Palaian S, Shankar PR, Kshetry KCS. Situation analysis of the pharmacovigilance system in Nepal using the indicator-based pharmacovigilance assessment tool (IPAT). J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2021;12(4):485\u201391.","journal-title":"J Pharm Health Serv Res"},{"key":"9466_CR9","unstructured":"Situational Analysis of Pharmacovigilance in Nepal. [Accessed on 18 May 2024]. https:\/\/dec.usaid.gov\/dec\/content\/Detail_Presto.aspx?vID=47&ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=NjMxNzU0"},{"key":"9466_CR10","unstructured":"Strengthening Nepal\u2019s Medicines Regulatory Capacity through an. Indicator Based Tool. [Accessed on 18 May 2024]. https:\/\/usaidlearninglab.org\/system\/files\/2022-08\/66_mtaps_cla_case_competition_06_june_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1559812","volume":"18","author":"R Niu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niu R, Xiang Y, Wu T, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Feng B. The quality of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports from the pharmacovigilance centre in western China. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019;18(1):51\u20138.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"9466_CR12","unstructured":"Guidance Documents on Pharmacovigilance in Nepal. [Accessed on 18 May 2024]. https:\/\/dec.usaid.gov\/dec\/content\/Detail_Presto.aspx?vID=47&ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=NjMxNzU4"},{"issue":"12","key":"9466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0463-4","volume":"39","author":"G Durrieu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durrieu G, Jacquot J, M\u00e8ge M, Bondon-Guitton E, Rousseau V, Montastruc F, Montastruc JL. Completeness of Spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Reports Sent by General Practitioners to a Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre: A Descriptive Study. Drug Saf. 2016;39(12):1189\u201395.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"9466_CR14","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP). [Accessed on 18 May 2024]. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory-overview\/post-authorisation\/pharmacovigilance-post-authorisation\/good-pharmacovigilance-practices-gvp"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12944","volume":"82","author":"C Bailey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bailey C, Peddie D, Wickham ME, Badke K, Small SS, Doyle-Waters MM, Balka E, Hohl CM. Adverse drug event reporting systems: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(1):17\u201329.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"9466_CR16","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"S Tadge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tadge S, Gambhire M, Kulkarni A. A narrative review on adverse drug reactions reporting: Current practices and challenges. Clin J Pharmacol Pharmacotherapeutics. 2023;2:3\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Pharmacol Pharmacotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9466_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01591-z","volume":"45","author":"L Shafei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shafei L, Mekki L, Maklad E, Alhathal T, Ghanem R, Almalouf R, Stewart D, Nazar Z. Factors that influence patient and public adverse drug reaction reporting: a systematic review using the theoretical domains framework. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(4):801\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"9466_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03457-9","volume":"79","author":"AK Aung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aung AK, Zubrinich CM, Goh MSY, Snyder B, Tang MJ, Khu CYL, Lee JI, Graudins LV. Development and application of Adverse drug reactions reports QUality Algorithm (AQUA-12) score: a single-centre quality improvement initiative. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;79(4):513\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-013-0131-x","volume":"37","author":"T Bergvall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bergvall T, Nor\u00e9n GN, Lindquist M. vigiGrade: a tool to identify well-documented individual case reports and highlight systematic data quality issues. Drug Saf. 2014;37(1):65\u201377.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"9466_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-022-03287-1","volume":"78","author":"AK Aung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aung AK, Walker S, Khu YL, Tang MJ, Lee JI, Graudins LV. Adverse drug reaction management in hospital settings: review on practice variations, quality indicators and education focus. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(5):781\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"9466_CR21","first-page":"37","volume":"6","author":"K Dalton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalton K, Byrne S. Role of the pharmacist in reducing healthcare costs: current insights. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2017;6:37\u201346.","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9466_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155218784734","volume":"25","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Shrestha S, Palaian S. Can clinical pharmacists bridge a gap between medical oncologists and patients in resource-limited oncology settings? An experience in Nepal. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;25(3):765\u20138.","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02084-7","volume":"20","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Sharma S, Bhasima R, Kunwor P, Adhikari B, Sapkota B. Impact of an educational intervention on pharmacovigilance knowledge and attitudes among health professionals in a Nepal cancer hospital. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):179.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9466_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2022.28034","volume":"20","author":"ZG Anbeo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anbeo ZG, Abac\u0131o\u011flu N. A Systematic Review of Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Ethiopia. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2023;20(3):198\u2013209.","journal-title":"Turk J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-024-00508-z","volume":"32","author":"MJ Cervantes-Arellano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cervantes-Arellano MJ, Castel\u00e1n-Mart\u00ednez OD, Mar\u00edn-Campos Y, Ch\u00e1vez-Pacheco JL, Morales-R\u00edos O, Ubaldo-Reyes LM. Educational interventions in pharmacovigilance to improve the knowledge, attitude and the report of adverse drug reactions in healthcare professionals: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2024;32(1):421\u201334.","journal-title":"DARU J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"9466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204209862092248","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620922480","volume":"11","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Danekhu K, Kc B, Palaian S, Ibrahim MIM. Bibliometric analysis of adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance research activities in Nepal. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2020;11:2042098620922480.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"9466_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/2168479016634766","volume":"50","author":"R Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar R, Kumar P, Kalaiselvan V, Kaur I, Singh GN. Best Practices for Improving the Quality of Individual Case Safety Reports in Pharmacovigilance. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2016;50(4):464\u201371.","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05420-1","volume":"20","author":"TG Hatfield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hatfield TG, Withers TM, Greaves CJ. Systematic review of the effect of training interventions on the skills of health professionals in promoting health behaviour, with meta-analysis of subsequent effects on patient health behaviours. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):593.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"9490","key":"9466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67028-6","volume":"366","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rowe AK, de Savigny D, Lanata CF, Victora CG. How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? Lancet. 2005;366(9490):1026\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9466_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S4775","volume":"1","author":"M Molokhia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Molokhia M, Tanna S, Bell D. Improving reporting of adverse drug reactions: Systematic review. Clin Epidemiol. 2009;1:75\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"9466_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-14-5","volume":"14","author":"MG Lobo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lobo MG, Pinheiro SM, Castro JG, Moment\u00e9 VG, Pranchevicius MC. Adverse drug reaction monitoring: support for pharmacovigilance at a tertiary care hospital in Northern Brazil. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:5.","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9466_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/FAD.0000000000000070","volume":"342","author":"PA Routledge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Routledge PA. The evolution of pharmacovigilance: the contributions of Michael D Rawlins. Adverse Drug Reaction Bull. 2023;342(1):1327\u201330.","journal-title":"Adverse Drug Reaction Bull"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:09:22Z","timestamp":1783912162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09466-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study did not involve or use human subjects or identifiable personal data, human tissue, or animals. The study involved the secondary data analysis without any personally identifiable information obtained from the VigiFlow System after being forwarded to the Uppsala Monitoring Center. This study was implemented with the permission of and in collaboration with the Department of Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Population and Nepal Health Research Council. All authors of the manuscript have read and agreed to its content and are accountable for all aspects of the accuracy and integrity of the manuscript. Ethical approval for this study from the Ethical Review Board of Nepal (approval number: 526_2022 P and 618_2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We declare that the article is original, has not already been published in a journal, and is not currently under consideration by another journal. Consent for publication from the Department of Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Population has been obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1130"}}