{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:02:40Z","timestamp":1786122160768,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from primary snoring to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition linked to significant cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive risks. Dentists are in a strategic position to identify SDB early, yet international studies highlight insufficient curricular coverage. In Brazil, little is known about how undergraduate dental programs incorporate SDB-related education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted among the 238 Brazilian dental schools that participated in the 2019 National Student Performance Exam (ENADE). Two self-administered digital questionnaires were distributed: one to course coordinators and another to orthodontics professors. Data were collected from March to October 2022. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess curricular inclusion, workload, faculty training, perceived importance, and barriers to SDB education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 120 coordinators (response rate of 51.7%) and 161 professors (response rate of 86.6%) participated. Among coordinators, 70% reported that SDB was not included in the curriculum, 66.7% reported a lack of trained faculty, and none reported continuing education programs. Only 2.5% of institutions had a dental sleep medicine clinic, and the mean workload devoted to SDB content in the undergraduate curriculum was 5.6\u00a0h. Among professors, 93.2% considered SDB instruction important, but only 25.5% included it in their teaching. Few faculty members reported routinely asking about snoring or other sleep-related symptoms during clinical activities. Most (76.4%) classified dentists\u2019 training in OSA as deficient, and 92.5% agreed that curricula should cover OSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite recognition of its relevance, SDB education is largely absent from Brazilian dental curricula. Findings suggest a need for curricular reform, faculty development, and expanded clinical training opportunities. Future studies should triangulate data sources and explore innovative teaching strategies to address these curricular gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:14:10Z","timestamp":1780478050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Teaching of sleep-disordered breathing in Brazilian dental schools: a nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6367-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Pontes","family":"de Barros Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Mart\u00e3o","family":"Fl\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"9497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1816152","volume":"380","author":"SC Veasey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veasey SC, Rosen IM. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(15):1442\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1816152.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506","volume":"13","author":"VK Kapur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, Kuhlmann DC, Mehra R, Ramar K, et al. Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American academy of sleep medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(3):479\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6506.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000522245.13784.f6","volume":"23","author":"NR Foldvary-Schaefer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foldvary-Schaefer NR, Waters TE. Sleep-disordered breathing. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(4):1093\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.CON.0000522245.13784.f6.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010440","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010440","volume":"8","author":"JR Tietjens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tietjens JR, Claman D, Kezirian EJ, De Marco T, Mirzayan A, Sadroonri B, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature and proposed multidisciplinary clinical management strategy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(1):e010440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.118.010440.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"22","key":"9497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228460","volume":"17","author":"G Di Carlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Carlo G, Zara F, Rocchetti M, Venturini A, Ortiz-Ruiz AJ, Luzzi V, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children referring for first dental examination. a multicenter cross-sectional study using pediatric sleep questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17228460.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","volume":"144","author":"Y Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, Redline S, Brown DL, El-Sherif N, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2021;144(3):e56\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.11.027","volume":"154","author":"AK Rohra Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohra AK Jr, Demko CA, Hans MG, Rosen C, Palomo JM. Sleep disordered breathing in children seeking orthodontic care. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;154(1):65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.11.027.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"9497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.01.008","volume":"7","author":"NA West","year":"2021","unstructured":"West NA, Johnson DA, Lutsey PL, Mosley TH, Redline S. Cognition and 20-year subsequent sleep disturbances. Sleep Health. 2021;7(5):631\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.01.008.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N0267","volume":"40","author":"D Testa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Testa D, Carotenuto M, Precenzano F, Russo A, Donadio A, Marcuccio G, et al. Evaluation of neurocognitive abilities in children affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after adenotonsillectomy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2020;40(2):122\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14639\/0392-100X-N0267.","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"issue":"8","key":"9497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","volume":"7","author":"AV Benjafield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjafield AV, Ayas NT, Eastwood PR, Heinzer R, Ip MSM, Morrell MJ, et al. Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(8):687\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.005","volume":"11","author":"S Tufik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tufik S, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, Bittencourt LR. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the S\u00e3o Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study. Sleep Med. 2010;11(5):441\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.15331\/jdsm.5.1.25","volume":"5","author":"N Addy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Addy N, Bennett K, Blanton A, Dort L, Levine M, Postol K, et al. Policy statement on a dentist\u2019s role in treating sleep-related breathing disorders. J Dent Sleep Med. 2018;5(1):25\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15331\/jdsm.5.1.25.","journal-title":"J Dent Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009","volume":"156","author":"RG Behrents","year":"2019","unstructured":"Behrents RG, Shelgikar AV, Conley RS, Flores-Mir C, Hans M, Levine M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American association of orthodontists white paper. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2019;156(1):13\u2013e281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"9497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gianoni-Capenakas S, Gomes AC, Mayoral P, Miguez M, Pliska B, Lagravere M. Sleep-disordered breathing: the dentist\u2019s role - a systematic review. J Dent Sleep Med. 2020;7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15331\/jdsm.7108.","DOI":"10.15331\/jdsm.7108"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2018.11.002","volume":"14","author":"C Guilleminault","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guilleminault C, Sullivan SS, Huang YS. Sleep-disordered, breathing. orofacial growth, and prevention of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"9497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8370","volume":"16","author":"MC Aroucha Lyra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aroucha Lyra MC, Aguiar D, Paiva M, Arnaud M, Filho AA, Rosenblatt A, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and associations with malocclusion in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(7):1007\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.8370.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12441","volume":"43","author":"TR Vuorjoki-Ranta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vuorjoki-Ranta TR, Lobbezoo F, Vehkalahti M, Tuomilehto H, Ahlberg J. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea patients in community dental care: knowledge and attitudes among general dental practitioners and specialist dentists. J Oral Rehabil. 2016;43(12):937\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12441.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"9497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2018.1437006","volume":"37","author":"L Jokubauskas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jokubauskas L, Pilei\u010dikien\u0117 G, \u017dekonis G, Baltru\u0161aityt\u0117 A. Lithuanian dentists\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices regarding obstructive sleep apnea: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Cranio. 2019;37(4):238\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08869634.2018.1437006.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2021.05.004","volume":"72","author":"MM Alzahrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alzahrani MM, Alghamdi AA, Alghamdi SA, Alotaibi RK. Knowledge and attitude of dentists towards obstructive sleep apnea. Int Dent J. 2022;72(3):315\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2021.05.004.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2003.52","volume":"89","author":"JR Ivanhoe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ivanhoe JR, Frazier KB, Parr GR, Haywood VB. The teaching and treatment of upper airway sleep disorders in North American dental schools. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89(3):292\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mpr.2003.52.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"9497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.12.002","volume":"13","author":"E Bonanni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bonanni E, Maestri M, Fabbrini M, Cirignotta F, Ferini-Strambi L, Gigli GL, et al. Sleep education in Italy. Sleep Med. 2012;13(4):450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.12.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12190","volume":"21","author":"P G\u00fcneri","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00fcneri P, \u0130lhan B, \u00c7al E, Epstein JB, Klasser GD. Obstructive sleep apnoea and the need for its introduction into dental curricula. Eur J Dent Educ. 2017;21(2):121\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12190.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"9497_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15331\/jdsm.7098","volume":"6","author":"NMN Karinni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karinni NMN, Pagni SE, Antonellou E, Doherty EH, Correa LP. The current state of dental sleep medicine practice in academic institutions: a questionnaire-based study. J Dent Sleep Med. 2019;6(4):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15331\/jdsm.7098.","journal-title":"J Dent Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12931","volume":"28","author":"C Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois C, Bonaf\u00e9 I, Carra MC, Bertrand C, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, d\u2019Incau E. Dental sleep medicine education among undergraduate dental students in France. Eur J Dent Educ. 2024;28(1):148\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12931.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/2151090315Y.0000000019","volume":"34","author":"W Talaat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Talaat W, AlRozzi B, Kawas SA. Sleep medicine education and knowledge among undergraduate dental students in Middle East universities. Cranio. 2016;34(3):163\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2151090315Y.0000000019.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"issue":"12","key":"9497_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2012.76.12.tb05427.x","volume":"76","author":"CS Ivanoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ivanoff CS, Hottel TL, Pancratz F. Is there a place for teaching obstructive sleep apnea and snoring in the predoctoral dental curriculum? J Dent Educ. 2012;76(12):1639\u201345.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"9497_CR27","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o. Parecer CNE\/CES 803\/2021 \u2013 Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Odontologia. Bras\u00edlia: MEC; 2021. Available from: http:\/\/portal.mec.gov.br\/docman\/junho-2021-pdf\/191741-rces003-21\/file."},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.10.020","volume":"74","author":"S Peanchitlertkajorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peanchitlertkajorn S, Chalidapongse P, Jiansuwannapas T, Surinsirirat N, Khamphuang P, Boonyai P, et al. Dental sleep medicine education amongst accredited orthodontic programmes in Thailand. Int Dent J. 2024;74(3):573\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.10.020.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0507-z","volume":"16","author":"MS Simmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simmons MS, Pullinger A. Education in sleep disorders in US dental schools DDS programs. Sleep Breath. 2012;16(2):383\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-011-0507-z.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"9497_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kale SS, Kakodkar P, Shetiya SH. Obstructive sleep apnea domains: Knowledge, attitude and practice results of dentists from a dental college in India. Sleep Sci. 2020;13(1):3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1984-0063.20190121.","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20190121"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR31","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"R Balasubramaniam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balasubramaniam R, Pullinger A, Simmons M. Sleep medicine education at dental schools in Australia and New Zealand. J Dent Sleep Med. 2014;1(1):9\u201316.","journal-title":"J Dent Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/sbr.12068","volume":"12","author":"H Tsuda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsuda H, Ohmaru T, Higuchi Y. Requirement for sleep medicine education in Japanese pre-doctoral dental curriculum. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2014;12(3):232\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sbr.12068.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"2","key":"9497_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-004-0085-4","volume":"8","author":"H Bian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bian H. Knowledge, opinions, and clinical experience of general practice dentists toward obstructive sleep apnea and oral appliances. Sleep Breath. 2004;8(2):85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-004-0085-4.","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"5","key":"9497_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(03)00073-x","volume":"4","author":"HM Schotland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schotland HM, Jeffe DB. Development of the obstructive sleep apnea knowledge and attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire. Sleep Med. 2003;4(5):443\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1389-9457(03)00073-x. Erratum in: Sleep Med. 2008;9(6):705.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"9497_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.07.001","volume":"12","author":"JA Mindell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mindell JA, Bartle A, Wahab NA, Ahn Y, Ramamurthy MB, Huong HT, et al. Sleep education in medical school curriculum: a glimpse across countries. Sleep Med. 2011;12(9):928\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.07.001.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"9497_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-130","volume":"6","author":"JA Mindell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mindell JA, Bartle A, Ahn Y, Ramamurthy MB, Huong HT, Kohyama J, et al. Sleep education in pediatric residency programs: a cross-cultural look. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-6-130.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"9497_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6030077","volume":"6","author":"JR Sevecke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sevecke JR, Meadows TJ. It takes a village: multidisciplinary approach to screening and prevention of pediatric sleep issues. Med Sci. 2018;6(3):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci6030077.","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9497_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.23804\/ejpd.2019.20.01.09","volume":"20","author":"A Galeotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galeotti A, Festa P, Viarani V, Pavone M, Sitzia E, Piga S, et al. Correlation between cephalometric variables and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(1):43\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23804\/ejpd.2019.20.01.09.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"9497_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gauthier L, Almeida F, Arcache JP, Ashton-McGregor C, Cot\u00e9 D, Driver HS et al. Position paper by Canadian dental sleep medicine professionals on the role of different health care professionals in managing obstructive sleep apnea and snoring with oral appliances. Can Respir J. 2012;19(5):307\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/631803.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631803"},{"issue":"6","key":"9497_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e555","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.56855","volume":"12","author":"I V\u00e1zquez-Casas","year":"2020","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Casas I, Sans-Capdevila O, Moncunill-Mira J, Rivera-Bar\u00f3 A. Prevalence of sleep-related breathing disorders in children with malocclusion. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(6):e555\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.56855.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"9497_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.05.015","volume":"157","author":"S Abtahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abtahi S, Witmans M, Alsufyani NA, Major MP, Major PW. Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing in the orthodontic population: prevalence of positive risk and associations. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2020;157(4):466\u2013e4731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.05.015.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"9497_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8611","volume":"19","author":"W Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng W, Zhang X, Dong J, He J. Facial morphological characteristics of mouth breathers vs. nasal breathers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of lateral cephalometric data. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(6):3738\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2020.8611.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9497_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3290\/j.qi.a38554","volume":"48","author":"S Leibovitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leibovitz S, Haviv Y, Sharav Y, Almoznino G, Aframian D, Zilberman U. Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: role of the dentist. Quintessence Int. 2017;48(8):639\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.qi.a38554.","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"9497_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101355","volume":"54","author":"CR Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu CR, Tu YK, Chuang LP, Gordon C, Chen NH, Chen PY, et al. Diagnostic meta-analysis of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, OSA-18, and pulse oximetry in detecting pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;54:101355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101355.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"9497_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.02.001","volume":"33","author":"HM Moin Anwer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moin Anwer HM, Albagieh HN, Kalladka M, Chiang HK, Malik S, McLaren SW, et al. The role of the dentist in the diagnosis and management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Saudi Dent J. 2021;33(7):424\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.02.001.","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9497_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2021.12.001","volume":"69","author":"P Ngai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ngai P, Chee M. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: update for the primary care provider. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2022;69(2):261\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2021.12.001.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:44:10Z","timestamp":1786092250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09497-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic (CAAE: 53058721.9.0000.5374). All participants provided written informed consent obtained electronically prior to participation, after being fully informed about the study\u2019s objectives and procedures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1269"}}