{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1784570502531,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007619","name":"Society for Academic Emergency Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG2020-0000000134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG2020-0000000134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Palliative Care focuses on improving quality of life and preventing suffering, especially near the end of life. With an aging population that frequently seeks care in the Emergency Department (ED), it is crucial for Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians to be well versed in the skills needed for palliative care. However, many EM residency programs lack formal training in this area. This study aimed to develop, implement, and assess a year-long, simulation-based palliative care curriculum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This IRB-exempt observational cohort study was conducted from July 2023 to June 2024 at a large urban EM residency program. A group of content experts in palliative care and simulation-based education designed the curriculum utilizing the Kern model of curriculum development, integrating simulation, small group discussion, and didactic lectures. The curriculum was delivered episodically throughout the academic year during regular residency didactics. The curriculum\u2019s impact on knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns regarding palliative care was assessed using pre- and post- intervention surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fourteen EM residents completed both pre- and post-intervention surveys. There was a statistically significant improvement in self-reported practice patterns (35.7% to 60.7%\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0055), but no significant change in attitudes (73.4% to 73.4%\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.5020) or knowledge (48.9% to 57.1%\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0758).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A year-long simulation-based palliative care curriculum significantly improved EM residents\u2019 practice patterns in regard to palliative care, with a positive trend in knowledge retention. Feasibility of implementation was demonstrated. Findings suggest that simulation-based training effectively teaches key palliative care skills. This curriculum may serve as a model for integrating palliative care education into other EM residency programs and may improve resident preparedness in caring for critically ill patients near the end of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:35:07Z","timestamp":1779694507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creation of a novel simulation based palliative care curriculum for the emergency medicine resident"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hillary C.","family":"Moss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustfa K.","family":"Manzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir L.","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah P.","family":"Trump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle K.","family":"Turrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie C.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cassara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo L.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9503_CR1","volume-title":"WHO definition of palliative care","author":"WHO (World Health Organ.)","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organ.). WHO definition of palliative care. Geneva: WHO; 2012."},{"issue":"18","key":"9503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13254","volume":"312","author":"J Graham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Graham J. IOM report calls for transformation of end-of-life care. JAMA. 2014;312(18):1845\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.13254.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"9503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.334","volume":"51","author":"CK Kraus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kraus CK, Greenberg MR, Ray DE, Dy SM. Palliative care education in emergency medicine residency training: a survey of program directors, associate program directors, and assistant program directors. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51(5):898\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.334.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"8","key":"9503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004385","volume":"48","author":"NM Mohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohr NM, Wessman BT, Bassin B, Elie-Turenne MC, Ellender T, Emlet LL, Ginsberg Z, Gunnerson K, Jones KM, Kram B, Marcolini E, Rudy S. Boarding of Critically Ill Patients in the Emergency Department. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(8):1180\u20137. PMID: 32697489; PMCID: PMC7365671.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9503_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.497","volume":"7","author":"N George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George N, Bowman J, Aaronson E, Ouchi K. Past, present, and future of palliative care in emergency medicine in the USA. Acute Med Surg. 2020;7(1):e497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ams2.497.","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"9503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2014.0368","volume":"18","author":"J Oulton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oulton J, Rhodes SM, Howe C, Fain MJ, Mohler MJ. Advance directives for older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review. J Palliat Med. 2015;18(6):500\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0368.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2011.0011","volume":"14","author":"CR Grudzen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grudzen CR, Stone SC, Morrison RS. The palliative care model for emergency department patients with advanced illness. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(8):945\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2011.0011.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9503_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2011.01435.x","volume":"23","author":"AE O'Connor","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor AE, Winch S, Lukin W, Parker M. Emergency medicine and futile care: taking the road less travelled. Emerg Med Australas. 2011;23(5):640\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2011.01435.x.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"1","key":"9503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182406","volume":"35","author":"MT Hughes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes MT, Smith TJ. The growth of palliative care in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35(1):459\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182406.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0293-5","volume":"17","author":"JM Goldonowicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldonowicz JM, Runyon MS, Bullard MJ. Palliative care in the emergency department: an educational investigation and intervention. BMC Palliat Care. 2018;17(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-018-0293-5.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"9503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2018.470","volume":"21","author":"J Baylis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baylis J, Harris DR, Chen C, Ting DK, Clark K, Kwan A, et al. Palliative and end-of-life care education in Canadian emergency medicine residency programs: a national cross-sectional survey. CJEM. 2019;21(2):219\u201325 (Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID: 30698132).","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"9503_CR12","unstructured":"Quest T et al. Education in Palliative & End of Life Care for Emergency Medicine (EPEC-EM) Curriculum. https:\/\/www.bioethics.northwestern.edu\/programs\/epec\/curricula\/emergency-medicine.html."},{"issue":"23","key":"9503_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319030111","volume":"111","author":"S Freeman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freeman S, Eddy SL, McDonough M, Smith MK, Okoroafor N, Jordt H, Wenderoth MP. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(23):8410\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1319030111.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"9503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318217e119","volume":"86","author":"WC McGaghie","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Cohen ER, Barsuk JH, Wayne DB. Does simulation-based medical education with deliberate practice yield better results than traditional clinical education? A meta-analytic comparative review of the evidence. Acad Med. 2011;86(6):706\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318217e119.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00195.x","volume":"15","author":"Y Okuda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Okuda Y, Bond W, Bonfante G, McLaughlin S, Spillane L, Wang E, et al. National growth in simulation training within emergency medicine residency programs, 2003\u20132008. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):1113\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00195.x.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909118761386","volume":"35","author":"MB Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith MB, Macieira T, Bumbach MD, Garbutt SJ, Citty SW, Stephen A, et al. The use of simulation to teach nursing students and clinicians palliative care and end-of-life communication: a systematic review. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2018;35(8):1140\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049909118761386.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Med"},{"key":"9503_CR17","unstructured":"Farah PD, El Hachem P. The Current role of Medical Simulation in Palliative Care. [Updated 2021 May 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557464\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"9503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072","volume":"10","author":"W Eppich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eppich W, Cheng A. Promoting excellence and reflective learning in simulation (PEARLS): development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2015;10(2):106\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"key":"9503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0430-9","volume":"18","author":"AM Al-Ansari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Ansari AM, Suroor SN, AboSerea SM, et al. Development of palliative care attitude and knowledge (PCAK) questionnaire for physicians in Kuwait. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-019-0430-9.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"9503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quest TE, Otsuki JA, Banja J, Ratcliff JJ, Heron SL, Kaslow NJ. The Use of Standardized Patients within a ProceduralCompetency Model to Teach Death Disclosure. Acad Emerg Med 202; 9(11):132633. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1197\/aemj.9.11.1326.","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.11.1326"},{"issue":"6","key":"9503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.18381","volume":"25","author":"J Cooper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cooper J, Fredette J. Palliative care boot camp offers skill building for emergency medicine residents. West J Emerg Med. 2024;25(6):913\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/westjem.18381.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:02:41Z","timestamp":1784566961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09503-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki). The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine reviewed the study and determined it met criteria for exemption from full human subjects oversight, with waiver of informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1175"}}