{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:27:40Z","timestamp":1786512460836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:35:46Z","timestamp":1780878946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medical students with specific learning disabilities: mixed-methods systematic review of the prevalence, academic performance, challenges, and perceived impact of support interventions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bernarda","family":"Pavleti\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena Ko\u0161ak","family":"Babuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Homar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"9574_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. What is Specific Learning Disorder?. 2023. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/specific-learning-disorder\/what-is-specific-learning-disorder."},{"key":"9574_CR2","unstructured":"Dyslexia Support South. Specific Learning Difficulties and Processing Disorders. 2023. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.dyslexiasupportsouth.org.nz\/school-toolkit\/specific-learning-difficulties-and-processing-disorders."},{"key":"9574_CR3","unstructured":"University of Washington. Academic Accommodations for Students with Learning Disabilities. 2023. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.washington.edu\/doit\/academic-accommodations-students-learning-disabilities."},{"key":"9574_CR4","unstructured":"Frontiers in Education. Educational Accommodations for Students With Disabilities: Two Equity-Related Concerns. 2023. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.795266\/full."},{"key":"9574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024261927214","volume":"16","author":"JTE Richardson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richardson JTE, Wydell TN. The representation and attainment of students with dyslexia in UK higher education. Read Writ. 2003;16:475\u2013503.","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"9574_CR6","unstructured":"Higher Education Statistics Agency. First year UK domiciled HE students by qualification aim, mode of study, gender and disability 2005\/06. 2006. [cited 2024 Nov 29]. Available from: http:\/\/www.hesa.ac.uk\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194241281479","volume":"58","author":"N Brunswick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brunswick N, Wilson NJ, Kruger I, Chamberlain R, McManus IC. The prevalence of specific learning difficulties in higher education: a study of UK universities across 12 academic years. J Learn Disabil. 2025;58(3):179\u201391.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"9574_CR8","unstructured":"American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment III. Undergraduate Student Reference Group Data Report Spring 2022. Silver Spring: American College Health Association; Spring 2022. [cited 2024 Nov 29]."},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12102","volume":"31","author":"KK McGregor","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGregor KK, Langenfeld N, Van Horne S, Oleson J, Anson M, Jacobson W. The University Experiences of Students with Learning Disabilities. Learn Disabil Res Pract. 2016;31(2):90\u2013102.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR10","first-page":"23","volume":"33","author":"S Grimes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grimes S, Southgate E, Scevak J, Buchanan R. University student experiences of disability and the influence of stigma on institutional non-disclosure and learning. J Postsecond Educ Disabil. 2020;33(1):23\u201337.","journal-title":"J Postsecond Educ Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194221087383","volume":"56","author":"SL Haft","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haft SL, Greiner de Magalh\u00e3es C, Hoeft F. A systematic review of the consequences of stigma and stereotype threat for individuals with specific learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 2023;56(3):193\u2013209.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"9574_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy MJ, Dowell JS, Smith DT. Factors associated with declaration of disability in medical students and junior doctors, and the association of declared disability with academic performance: observational study using data from the UK Medical Education Database, 2002\u20132018 (UKMED54). BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e059179.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059179"},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14995","volume":"57","author":"LM Meeks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meeks LM, Pereira-Lima K, Plegue M, Jain NR, Stergiopoulos E, Stauffer C, et al. Disability, program access, empathy and burnout in US medical students: A national study. Med Educ. 2023;57(6):523\u201334.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"9574_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2000.00689.x","volume":"34","author":"CJ Rosebraugh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosebraugh CJ. Learning disabilities and medical schools. Med Educ. 2000;34(12):994\u20131000.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"9574_CR15","first-page":"151","volume":"31","author":"D McLoughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLoughlin D. Career development and individuals with dyslexia. Career Plan Adult Dev J. 2015;31:151\u201361.","journal-title":"Career Plan Adult Dev J"},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR16","first-page":"494","volume":"34","author":"M Wilkes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilkes M. Medical students with developmental disabilities. Med Educ. 2000;34(6):494\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"9574_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E987","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2021.987","volume":"23","author":"LM Meeks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meeks LM, Moreland C. How Should We Build Disability-Inclusive Medical School Admissions? AMA J Ethics. 2021;23(12):E987\u201394.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000006086","volume":"100","author":"CJ Moreland","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreland CJ, Plegue M, Sheets ZC, Pereira-Lima K, Jain NR, Stergiopoulos E, et al. Perceptions of the learning environment among medical students with disabilities and the impact of program access. Acad Med. 2025;100(10):1179\u201386.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2016.18.10.medu1-1610","volume":"18","author":"M McKee","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKee M, Case B, Fausone M, Zazove P, Ouellette A, Fetters MD. Medical Schools\u2019 Willingness to Accommodate Medical Students with Sensory and Physical Disabilities: Ethical Foundations of a Functional Challenge to Organic Technical Standards. AMA J Ethics. 2016;18(10):993\u20131002.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2016.18.10.ecas1-1610","volume":"18","author":"F Romberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romberg F, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE. How Should Medical Schools Respond to Students with Dyslexia? AMA J Ethics. 2016;18(10):975\u201385.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15676","volume":"59","author":"L Gray","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gray L, McNeill BA, Pecora LA, et al. Navigating neurodivergence: A scoping review to guide health professions educators. Med Educ. 2025;59(10):1037\u201348.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"9574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08447-2","volume":"26","author":"EJ Green","year":"2025","unstructured":"Green EJ, Brown MEL, Vance GHS, Keenan ID. Undergraduate medical education for neurodivergent students: a scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2025;26:103.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"9574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15615","volume":"59","author":"SA Tarafdar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tarafdar SA, Seoudi N, Luo R, Winston K. Experiences of medical students and doctors with dyslexia: A systematic review. Med Educ. 2025;59(8):797\u2013811.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200110000-00009","volume":"76","author":"FW Hafferty","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hafferty FW, Gibson GG. Learning disabilities and the meaning of medical education. Acad Med. 2001;76(10):1027\u201331.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9574_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2018.0000142.1","volume":"7","author":"A Javaeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Javaeed A. Learning Disabilities and Medical Students. [version 1]. MedEdPublish. 2018;7:142.","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR26","first-page":"81","volume":"3","author":"SE Shaywitz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shaywitz SE, Shaw R. The Admissions Process: An Approach to Selecting Learning Disabled Students at the Most Selective Colleges. Learn Disabil Focus. 1988;3(2):81\u20136.","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Focus"},{"key":"9574_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lizarondo L, Stern C, Carrier J, Godfrey C, Rieger K, Salmond S, Apostolo J, Kirkpatrick P, Loveday H. Chapter 8: Mixed methods systematic reviews (2020). In: Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-19-02"},{"key":"9574_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"9574_CR29","unstructured":"PROSPERO. Available from: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/."},{"key":"9574_CR30","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide: JBI; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"key":"9574_CR31","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine. PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"9574_CR32","unstructured":"EBSCO. EBSCOhost Research Platform. Available from: https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/products\/ebscohost-research-platform."},{"key":"9574_CR33","unstructured":"Zotero. Zotero reference management software. Available from: https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/."},{"key":"9574_CR34","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Analytical_Cross_Sectional_Studies2017_0.pdf."},{"key":"9574_CR35","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Cohort Studies. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Cohort_Studies2017_0.pdf."},{"key":"9574_CR36","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. JBI Checklist for Qualitative Research. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Qualitative_Research2017_0.pdf."},{"key":"9574_CR37","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). CASP Cross-Sectional Studies Checklist. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/cross-sectional-studies-checklist\/."},{"key":"9574_CR38","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). CASP Cohort Study Checklist. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/cohort-study-checklist\/."},{"key":"9574_CR39","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). CASP Qualitative Research Checklist. 2024. [cited 2026 Mar 27]. Available from: https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/qualitative-studies-checklist\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000062","volume":"13","author":"C Lockwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):179\u201387.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"issue":"7650","key":"9574_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"9574_CR42","first-page":"e0202558","volume":"13","author":"S Lewin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, et al. Using GRADE-CERQual to assess the certainty of evidence from qualitative evidence syntheses. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0202558.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9574_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101483","volume":"16","author":"R Seymour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seymour R, Scher C, Ankam N, et al. Exposing the disability-related hidden curriculum in case-based learning: A qualitative study. Disabil Health J. 2023;16(4):101483.","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1715-7","volume":"19","author":"L Mogensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mogensen L, Hu W, et al. A doctor who really knows \u2026 a survey of community perspectives on medical students and practitioners with disability. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):288.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR45","first-page":"87","volume":"36","author":"AA Kawi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kawi AA, et al. On the learning process in medical students: disturbances as a symptom and a disease. Dis Nerv Syst. 1975;36(2):87\u201390.","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"9574_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005842","volume":"99","author":"NR Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain NR, Stergiopoulos E, Meeks LM, et al. We Need a Seismic Shift: Disabled Student Perspectives on Disability Inclusion in U.S. Medical Education. Acad Med. 2024;99(11):1221\u201333.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9574_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199205000-00014","volume":"67","author":"HC Faigel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Faigel HC, et al. Services for students with learning disabilities in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. Acad Med. 1992;67(5):338\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9574_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037-019-00539-2","volume":"8","author":"LD Bennion","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bennion LD, Torre D, Dong T, et al. Early identification of struggling learners: using prematriculation and early academic performance data. Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8(5):298\u2013304.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648220","volume":"45","author":"SR Banks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Banks SR, Guyer BP, Guyer KE, et al. A study of medical students and physicians referred for learning disabilities. Ann Dyslexia. 1995;45(1):233\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"7","key":"9574_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2287984","volume":"46","author":"A Bailey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bailey A, Grotowski M, Bailey S, et al. Medical education: Accommodating students with ADHD. Med Teach. 2024;46(7):925\u201330.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199906000-00004","volume":"74","author":"D Little","year":"1999","unstructured":"Little D, Little D, et al. Learning disabilities, medical students, and common sense. Acad Med. 1999;74(6):622\u20133.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1990.tb00015.x","volume":"24","author":"CR Coles","year":"1990","unstructured":"Coles CR, et al. Helping students with learning difficulties in medical and health-care education. Med Educ. 1990;24(3):300\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12479","volume":"24","author":"K Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali K, Kisielewska J, Subhan MMF, Tredwin C. How does dyslexia impact on the educational experiences of healthcare students? A qualitative study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2020;24(1):154\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04267.x","volume":"46","author":"V Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook V, Griffin A, Raven P, et al. Supporting students with disability and health issues: lowering the social barriers. Med Educ. 2012;46(6):564\u201374.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05819-y","volume":"24","author":"R Kumari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumari R, Satyam SM, Mohammed CA, et al. Crossing horizons: unraveling perspectives on enhancing medical students\u2019 success through at-risk factor exploration. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):835.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"9574_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243250","volume":"15","author":"N Rajapuram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajapuram N, Langness S, Marshall M, Sammann A. Medical students in distress: The impact of gender, race, debt, and disability. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243250.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"9574_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31824dd129","volume":"87","author":"SM Eickmeyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eickmeyer SM, Do KD, Curry RH, et al. North American medical schools\u2019 experience with and approaches to the needs of students with physical and sensory disabilities. Acad Med. 2012;87(5):567\u201373.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2021.1985098","volume":"44","author":"E de Oliveira","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Oliveira E, Dantas RG, de G\u00f3is AFT, et al. Experiences of disabled students in undergraduate medical education. Med Teach. 2022;44(3):294\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR59","first-page":"74","volume":"7","author":"S Ahmady","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmady S, Khajeali N, Mirmoghtadaei ZS, et al. Factors related to academic failure in preclinical medical education: A systematic review. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2019;7(2):74\u201385.","journal-title":"J Adv Med Educ Prof"},{"issue":"8","key":"9574_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712445064","volume":"18","author":"P O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan P, Sharma D, et al. Severity of symptoms and quality of life in medical students with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(8):654\u20138.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"9574_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_544_20","volume":"10","author":"M Vimal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vimal M, Dongre AR, Kagne RN, et al. Student support system for medical undergraduates: A qualitative exploration of stakeholder perspectives. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10:150.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-021-10029-y","volume":"26","author":"E Walker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walker E, Shaw SCK, Anderson JL, et al. The experiences of foundation doctors with dyspraxia: a phenomenological study. Adv Health Sci Education: Theory Pract. 2021;26(3):959\u201374.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Education: Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-011-9273-8","volume":"16","author":"S Gibson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibson S, Leinster S. How do students with dyslexia perform in extended matching questions, short answer questions and observed structured clinical examinations? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2011;16(3):395\u2013404.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03802.x","volume":"45","author":"J McKendree","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKendree J, Snowling MJ. Examination results of medical students with dyslexia. Med Educ. 2011;45(2):176\u201382.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037-019-00553-4","volume":"9","author":"CP Gray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gray CP, Burr SA, et al. Timing is key to providing modified assessments for students with specific learning difficulties. Perspect Med Educ. 2020;9(1):49\u201356.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-009-9197-8","volume":"15","author":"C Ricketts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ricketts C, Brice J, Coombes L. Are multiple choice tests fair to medical students with specific learning disabilities? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2010;15(2):265\u201375.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004510","volume":"97","author":"LM Meeks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meeks LM, Plegue M, Swenor BK, Moreland CJ, Jain S, Grabowski CJ, et al. The performance and trajectory of medical students with disabilities: results from a multisite, multicohort study. Acad Med. 2022;97(3):389\u201397.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590802516814","volume":"31","author":"S Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller S, Ross S, Cleland J. Medical students\u2019 attitudes towards disability and support for disability in medicine. Med Teach. 2009;31(6):e1\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"4","key":"9574_CR69","first-page":"617","volume":"9","author":"MA Alanazi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alanazi MA, Alanazi SA, Osuagwu U, et al. Evaluation of visual stress symptoms in age-matched dyslexic, Meares-Irlen syndrome and normal adults. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(4):617\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR70","first-page":"62","volume":"7","author":"JL Anderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson JL, Shaw SCK. The experiences of medical students and junior doctors with dyslexia: a survey study. Int J Soc Sci Educ Stud. 2020;7(1):62\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Sci Educ Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-023-10258-3","volume":"29","author":"M Cornwell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cornwell M, Shaw SCK, et al. Applying to medical school with undiagnosed dyslexia: a collaborative autoethnography. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2024;29(2):443\u201363.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9574_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1587","volume":"24","author":"SCK Shaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaw SCK, Anderson JL. The experiences of medical students with dyslexia: an interpretive phenomenological study. Dyslexia. 2018;24(3):220\u201333.","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-021-10074-7","volume":"27","author":"SCK Shaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shaw SCK, Hennessy LR, Anderson JL, et al. The learning experiences of dyslexic medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2022;27(1):107\u201324.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"9574_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"SCK Shaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaw SCK, Anderson JL, Grant AJ. Studying medicine with dyslexia: a collaborative autoethnography. Qual Rep. 2016;21(11):1\u201321.","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"9574_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12653","volume":"15","author":"S Tso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tso S. Disabled graduate-entry medical student experience. Clin Teach. 2018;15(2):109\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.1.81-JMS0107-5-1","volume":"279","author":"KM Takakuwa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Takakuwa KM. Coping with a learning disability in medical school. JAMA. 1998;279(1):81.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"9574_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10401339309539584","volume":"5","author":"JA Walters","year":"1993","unstructured":"Walters JA, Croen LG. An approach to meeting the needs of medical students with learning disabilities. Teach Learn Med. 1993;5(1):95\u20138.","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"key":"9574_CR78","first-page":"e1230","volume":"18","author":"NR Haddaway","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimized digital transparency and open synthesis. Camp Syst Rev. 2022;18:e1230.","journal-title":"Camp Syst Rev"},{"key":"9574_CR79","first-page":"584177","volume":"11","author":"CJ Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams CJ, Chen J, Quirion A, Hoeft F. Peer mentoring for students with learning disabilities: the importance of shared experience on students\u2019 social and emotional development. Front Psychol. 2020;11:584177.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9574_CR80","unstructured":"DeAndrade K. How mentoring can have a positive impact on students with learning disabilities. The Chronicle of Evidence-Based Mentoring. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.evidencebasedmentoring.org."},{"issue":"6","key":"9574_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12060384","volume":"12","author":"A Cardinot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cardinot A, Flynn P. Rapid evidence assessment: mentoring interventions for\/by students with disabilities at third-level education. Educ Sci. 2022;12(6):384.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"9574_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v14i.4512","volume":"14","author":"M MacDougall","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacDougall M. Dyscalculia, dyslexia, and medical students\u2019 needs for learning and using statistics. Med Educ Online. 2009;14:2\u20132.","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:36:37Z","timestamp":1786509397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09574-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This systematic review is based on previously published data and does not involve human participants or identifiable personal data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1292"}}