{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:44:56Z","timestamp":1791780296219,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:54:38Z","timestamp":1784206478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulation-Based Education (SBE) in paediatric undergraduate medical education: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Farida","family":"Eid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rida","family":"Maryum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Kilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Atiomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleiman","family":"Al-Hammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"9730_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.12.002","author":"JO Lopreiato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopreiato JO, Sawyer T. Simulation-based medical education in pediatrics. Acad Pediatr. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2014.12.002.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.619769","author":"E Herrera-Aliaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herrera-Aliaga E, Estrada LD. Trends and innovations of simulation for twenty first century medical education. Front Public Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.619769.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"9730_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-054305","author":"S Thim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thim S, Henriksen TB, Laursen H, et al. Simulation-based emergency team training in pediatrics: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-054305.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"9730_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-01300-x","author":"A Elamin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elamin A, Ali MF, Almarabheh A. Impact of simulation-based learning on the academic performance of medical students during pediatric clerkships. BMC Med Educ. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-01300-x.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9730_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2024.01.002","author":"F O\u2019Leary","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary F. How to deliver effective paediatric simulation based education. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2024.01.002.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"9730_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038813","author":"C Elendu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elendu C, Amaechi DC, Okatta AU, et al. The impact of simulation-based training in medical education: A review. Medicine. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000038813.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"9730_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health workforce strategy & global governance processes. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/health-workforce\/hwf_governance."},{"key":"9730_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00289-5","author":"C Diaz-Navarro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diaz-Navarro C, Armstrong R, Charnetski M, et al. Global consensus statement on simulation-based practice in healthcare. Adv Simul. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-024-00289-5.","journal-title":"Adv Simul"},{"key":"9730_CR9","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Hospital Association. Support the Paediatric Health Care Workforce. https:\/\/www.childrenshospitals.org\/-\/media\/files\/public-policy\/chgme_workforce\/pediatric-workforce-shortages.pdf."},{"key":"9730_CR10","unstructured":"Goldman M. New doctors shy away from pediatrics. Axios. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/07\/02\/new-doctors-shy-away-from-pediatrics."},{"key":"9730_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025982","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Ren X, Ye J, et al. Exploration of simulation-based medical education for undergraduate students. Medicine. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000025982.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"9730_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2020.150910","author":"YM Oo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oo YM, Nataraja R. The application of simulation-based medical education in low-and middle-income countries; the Myanmar experience. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2020.150910.","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"9730_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17321","author":"N Karara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karara N, Corsello A, Del Torso S, et al. Paediatric Primary Care Across Europe: A Survey of 42 Countries. Acta Paediatr. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.17321.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01366-4","author":"CE Clausen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clausen CE, Bazaid K, Azeem MW, et al. Child and adolescent psychiatry training and services in the Middle East region: a current status assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01366-4.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"9730_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.2026.70085","author":"AF Belgaumi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Belgaumi AF, Khan MAA, Sultan I, et al. Training of Pediatric Oncologists: An Assessment of Institutional Training Capabilities in the Middle East and South Asia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.2026.70085.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"9730_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2016.05.005","author":"VJ Grant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grant VJ, Wolff M, Adler M. The past, present, and future of simulation-based education for pediatric emergency medicine. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpem.2016.05.005.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med"},{"key":"9730_CR17","unstructured":"Davila U, Price A. Past present and future of simulation in pediatrics. StatPearls. PMID; 2022. p. 32644508."},{"key":"9730_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00106","author":"R Ojha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ojha R, Liu A, Rai D, Nanan R. Review of Simulation in Pediatrics: The Evolution of a Revolution. Front Pediatr. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2015.00106.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9730_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Definition of regional groupings. 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/who-we-are\/regional-offices. Accessed 22 Mar 2026."},{"key":"9730_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2323179","author":"JE Perron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Perron JE, Uther P, Coffey MJ, et al. Are serious games seriously good at preparing students for clinical practice? A randomized controlled trial. Med Teach. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2323179.","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"9730_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-025-03797-6","author":"SE Blonsky","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blonsky SE, Henning RE, Masterson EM, et al. Virtual Reality Curriculum Increases Pediatric Clerkship Students\u2019 Knowledge of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-025-03797-6.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"9730_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002249","author":"MW Zackoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zackoff MW, Real FJ, Sahay RD, et al. Impact of an Immersive Virtual Reality Curriculum on Medical Students\u2019 Clinical Assessment of Infants With Respiratory Distress. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002249.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9730_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.06.008","author":"MW Zackoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zackoff MW, Real FJ, Cruse B, et al. Medical Student Perspectives on Immersive Virtual Reality for Clinical Assessment Training. Acad Pediatr. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2019.06.008.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000752","author":"K Ohta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohta K, Kurosawa H, Shiima Y, et al. Effectiveness of Remote Facilitation in Simulation-Based Pediatric Resuscitation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000752.","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"9730_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000150","author":"KD Ernst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ernst KD, Cline WL, Dannaway DC, et al. Weekly and consecutive day neonatal intubation training: comparable on a pediatrics clerkship. Acad Med. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000150.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"9730_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241241128","author":"AN Verzella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verzella AN, Diaz AL, Laspro M, et al. Virtual Reality Simulation of Airway Management Post-Cleft Palate Surgery. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656241241128.","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"9730_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2019.0212","author":"S Onishi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Onishi S, Ikee T, Murakami M, et al. Comparison of Three Endoscopic Surgical Skill Training Programs Using an Infant Laparoscopic Fundoplication Simulator. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lap.2019.0212.","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"9730_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000000","author":"MW Zackoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zackoff MW, et al. [Specific Study Title]. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000000.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9730_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3182a89154","author":"RA Dudas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dudas RA, Colbert-Getz JM, Balighian E, et al. Evaluation of a simulation-based pediatric clinical skills curriculum. Simul Healthc. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3182a89154.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"key":"9730_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2024.03.007","author":"NV Moliterno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moliterno NV, Paravidino VB, Robaina JR, et al. High-fidelity simulation versus case-based discussion for training undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergencies: a quasi-experimental study. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jped.2024.03.007.","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"9730_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(06)02","author":"TB Couto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Couto TB, Farhat SC, Geis GL, et al. High-fidelity simulation versus case-based discussion for teaching medical students in Brazil about pediatric emergencies. Clin (Sao Paulo). 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6061\/clinics\/2015(06)02.","journal-title":"Clin (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"9730_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.04.007","author":"BCHG Valente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valente BCHG, Melo MDCB, Liu PMF, et al. High and low-fidelity simulation for respiratory diseases pediatric training: a prospective and randomized study. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jped.2023.04.007.","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"9730_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23254","author":"T Fonteneau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fonteneau T, Billion E, Abdoul C, et al. Simulation Game Versus Multiple Choice Questionnaire to Assess Clinical Competence. J Med Internet Res. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23254.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"9730_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3054-1","author":"D Drummond","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drummond D, Truchot J, Fabbro E, et al. Fixed versus variable practice for teaching pediatric asthma management. Eur J Pediatr. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-017-3054-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2702-1","author":"D Drummond","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drummond D, Arnaud C, Thouvenin G, et al. Video\u2009+\u2009simulation course for pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Eur J Pediatr. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-016-2702-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1442-5","author":"R Lehmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehmann R, Lutz T, Helling-Bakken A, et al. Animation and interactivity facilitate acquisition of pediatric life support skills: a randomized controlled trial using virtual patients versus video instruction. BMC Med Educ. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1442-5.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9730_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.07.003","author":"S Zundel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zundel S, Blumenstock G, Herrmann-Werner A, et al. Undescended testis? How best to teach the physical examination. J Pediatr Urol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.07.003.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"9730_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12442","author":"B Morrissey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morrissey B, Jacob H, Harnik E, et al. Simulation in undergraduate paediatrics: a cluster-randomised trial. Clin Teach. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tct.12442.","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"key":"9730_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308598","author":"E Harnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harnik E, Mackay K, Jacob H, et al. The use of simulation to teach medical students how to recognise and manage a sick child. Arch Dis Child. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308598.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"9730_CR41","first-page":"33024060","volume":"PMID","author":"G Ramachandra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramachandra G, Deutsch ES, Nadkarni VM. A Road Map for Simulation Based Medical Students Training in Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr. 2020;PMID:33024060.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1032-3","author":"SS Mathai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathai SS, Joshi D, Choubey M. Bedside Infant Manikins for Teaching Newborn Examination to Medical Undergraduates. Indian Pediatr. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-017-1032-3.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000555","author":"W Chuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chuan W, Jie X, Cheng W, et al. SimBaby Plus Standardized Patient Model for Acute Severe Bronchopneumonia Teaching. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000555.","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"9730_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520979210","author":"WS Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng WS, Wang L, Zhang H, et al. Virtual scenario simulation combined with problem-based learning for paediatric medical students. J Int Med Res. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520979210.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"9730_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22920","author":"JE Perron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perron JE, Coffey MJ, Lovell-Simons A, et al. Resuscitating Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in a Virtual Reality: Prospective Interventional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22920.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"9730_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14366","author":"P Uther","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uther P, Van Munster KA, Briggs N, et al. Introducing early-phase medical students to clinical paediatrics using simulation and a flipped classroom. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.14366.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"9730_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16847","author":"A Lietz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lietz A, Kraller J, Hoffelner A, et al. Dose-response of virtual reality training of paediatric emergencies in a randomised simulation-based setting. Acta Paediatr. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.16847.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"9730_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010169","author":"O Nomura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nomura O, Sunohara M, Watanabe I, et al. Evaluating Emotional Outcomes of Medical Students in Pediatric Emergency Medicine Telesimulation. Children. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10010169.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"9730_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.4.7287","author":"S Saeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saeed S, Afzal A, Khalid F, et al. Student experiences of simulation-based learning and its impact on their performance in Objective Structured Clinical Examination in Pediatrics: A mixed method study. Pak J Med Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.39.4.7287.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"9730_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v49i1.8900","author":"T Seneviratne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seneviratne T, et al. Teaching therapeutics in paediatrics using High Fidelity Simulation. Sri Lanka J Child Health. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/sljch.v49i1.8900.","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Child Health"},{"key":"9730_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2009.038562","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Mytton OT, Derbrew M, et al. Training and simulation for patient safety. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/qshc.2009.038562.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"9730_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/mep.20271.1","author":"FW Ismail","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ismail FW, Ajani K, Baqir SM, et al. Challenges and opportunities in the uptake of simulation in healthcare education in the developing world: a scoping review. MedEdPublish. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/mep.20271.1.","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:49:07Z","timestamp":1791776947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09730-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study is a scoping review of previously published literature and did not involve direct contact with human subjects or primary data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1620"}}