{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:19:12Z","timestamp":1787797152255,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:11:10Z","timestamp":1781770270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The evaluation of the technical quality of root canal fillings performed by preclinical students on extracted teeth"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Aksan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozgur","family":"Genc Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Bastug Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"9760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00421.x","volume":"34","author":"SJ Hayes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayes SJ, Gibson M, Hammond M, Bryant ST, Dummer PM. An audit of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 2001;34(7):501\u20135.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"5","key":"9760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.1999.00253.x","volume":"32","author":"AJ Qualtrough","year":"1999","unstructured":"Qualtrough AJ, Whitworth JM, Dummer PM. Preclinical endodontology: an international comparison. Int Endod J. 1999;32(5):406\u201314.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"10","key":"9760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13584","volume":"54","author":"SR Sacha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sacha SR, Sonntag D, Burmeister U, R\u00fcttermann S, Gerhardt-Sz\u00e9p S. A multicentric survey to evaluate preclinical education in Endodontology in German-speaking countries. Int Endod J. 2021;54(10):1957\u201364.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12275","volume":"22","author":"A Baaij","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baaij A, \u00d6zok AR. Method of teaching undergraduate students to perform root canal treatment: It\u2019s influence on the quality of root fillings. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(2):e221\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698899","volume":"5","author":"GC Unal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Unal GC, Kececi AD, Kaya BU, Tac AG. Quality of root canal fillings performed by undergraduate dental students. Eur J Dent. 2011;5(3):324\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"12","key":"9760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01180.x","volume":"39","author":"Quality guidelines for","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quality guidelines for. endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):921\u201330.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2009.01679.x","volume":"43","author":"H Balto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balto H, Al Khalifah S, Al Mugairin S, Al Deeb M, Al-Madi E. Technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Int Endod J. 2010;43(4):292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1798-1","volume":"19","author":"MS Al-Anesi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Anesi MS, AlKhawlani MM, Alkheraif AA, Al-Basmi AA, Alhajj MN. An audit of root canal filling quality performed by undergraduate pre-clinical dental students, Yemen. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):350.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"9760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13621","volume":"88","author":"M Maqbool","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maqbool M, Asogan VM, Akram Z, Then B, Noorani TY. Can perception of fractured endodontic files benefit 1st degree dental students and dental educators: A questionnaire-based survey. J Dent Educ. 2024;88(10):1330\u201341.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"9760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqbool M, Tirmazi SSM, Shakoor A, Akram Z, Nazir R, Chohan AN, Karobari MI, Noorani TY. Perception of Dental House Officers regarding Endodontic File Separation during Endodontic Treatment. Biomed Res Int 2023, 2023:1044541.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1044541"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"9760_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(07)80180-4","volume":"16","author":"U Sjogren","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1990;16(10):498\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR13","first-page":"92","volume":"11","author":"E Kelbauskas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kelbauskas E, Andriukaitiene L, Nedzelskiene I. Quality of root canal filling performed by undergraduate students of odontology at Kaunas University of Medicine in Lithuania. Stomatologija. 2009;11(3):92\u20136.","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"issue":"4","key":"9760_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402010000400005","volume":"21","author":"SM Santos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santos SM, Soares JA, C\u00e9sar CA, Brito-J\u00fanior M, Moreira AN, Magalh\u00e3es CS. Radiographic quality of root canal fillings performed in a postgraduate program in endodontics. Braz Dent J. 2010;21(4):315\u201321.","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01323.x","volume":"41","author":"YL Ng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature -- Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int Endod J. 2008;41(1):6\u201331.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"11","key":"9760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01158.x","volume":"39","author":"O Er","year":"2006","unstructured":"Er O, Sagsen B, Maden M, Cinar S, Kahraman Y. Radiographic technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students in Turkey. Int Endod J. 2006;39(11):867\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2004.01.002","volume":"32","author":"KM Barrieshi-Nusair","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrieshi-Nusair KM, Al-Omari MA, Al-Hiyasat AS. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by dental students at the Dental Teaching Center in Jordan. J Dent. 2004;32(4):301\u20137.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2010.00270.x","volume":"38","author":"RN Rafeek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rafeek RN, Smith WA, Mankee MS, Coldero LG. Radiographic evaluation of the technical quality of root canal fillings performed by dental students. Aust Endod J. 2012;38(2):64\u20139.","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2003.00640.x","volume":"36","author":"NN Dugas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dugas NN, Lawrence HP, Teplitsky PE, Pharoah MJ, Friedman S. Periapical health and treatment quality assessment of root-filled teeth in two Canadian populations. Int Endod J. 2003;36(3):181\u201392.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR20","first-page":"236","volume":"12","author":"A Eskandarloo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eskandarloo A, Karkehabadi H, Hoseini Hashemi SZ, Ahmadi M, Hendi SS. Radiographic Quality of Root Canal Obturation Performed By Fifth Year Students of Hamadan Dental School. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(2):236\u201341.","journal-title":"Iran Endod J"},{"issue":"6","key":"9760_CR21","first-page":"311","volume":"32","author":"M Peralta-Mamani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peralta-Mamani M, Rios D, Duarte MAH, Santiago Junior JF, Hon\u00f3rio HM. Manual vs. rotary instrumentation in endodontic treatment of permanent teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Dent. 2019;32(6):311\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12853","volume":"51","author":"DM Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro DM, R\u00e9us JC, Felippe WT, Pacheco-Pereira C, Dutra KL, Santos JN, Porporatti AL, De Luca Canto G. Technical quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate students using hand instrumentation: a meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2018;51(3):269\u201383.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-1546.2002.10102.x","volume":"1","author":"S Huumonen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huumonen S, \u00d8rstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endodontic Top. 2002;1(1):3\u201325.","journal-title":"Endodontic Top"},{"key":"9760_CR24","unstructured":"Gadamer D. Evaluation of endodontic treatment performed by the undergraduate international students of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences: A pilot study. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (Lithuania); 2018."},{"issue":"10","key":"9760_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2005.01008.x","volume":"38","author":"GI Eleftheriadis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eleftheriadis GI, Lambrianidis TP. Technical quality of root canal treatment and detection of iatrogenic errors in an undergraduate dental clinic. Int Endod J. 2005;38(10):725\u201334.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"8","key":"9760_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00547.x","volume":"35","author":"L Lupi-Pegurier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lupi-Pegurier L, Bertrand MF, Muller-Bolla M, Rocca JP, Bolla M. Periapical status, prevalence and quality of endodontic treatment in an adult French population. Int Endod J. 2002;35(8):690\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"9760_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vukadinov T, Bla\u017ei\u0107 L, Kantard\u017ei\u0107 I, Lainovi\u0107 T. Technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students: a radiographic study. ScientificWorldJournal 2014, 2014:751274.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/751274"},{"issue":"9","key":"9760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12385","volume":"48","author":"JP Tchorz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tchorz JP, Brandl M, Ganter PA, Karygianni L, Polydorou O, Vach K, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ. Pre-clinical endodontic training with artificial instead of extracted human teeth: does the type of exercise have an influence on clinical endodontic outcomes? Int Endod J. 2015;48(9):888\u201393.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2010.00273.x","volume":"37","author":"RO Elsayed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elsayed RO, Abu-Bakr NH, Ibrahim YE. Quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students at the University of Khartoum, Sudan. Aust Endod J. 2011;37(2):56\u201360.","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"issue":"9","key":"9760_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01447_10.x","volume":"41","author":"N Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams N, Tanday A, Lumley P. An audit of the technical quality of primary orthograde root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students. Int Endod J. 2008;41(9):817\u2013817.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1773531","volume":"79","author":"E Laukkanen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laukkanen E, Vehkalahti MM, Kotiranta AK. Radiographic outcome of root canal treatment in general dental practice: tooth type and quality of root filling as prognostic factors. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021;79(1):37\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2003.00643.x","volume":"36","author":"E Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer E, Florek H. Efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium K3 instruments compared with stainless steel hand K-Flexofile. Part 1. Shaping ability in simulated curved canals. Int Endod J. 2003;36(3):199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"8","key":"9760_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01417.x","volume":"41","author":"S Moussa-Badran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moussa-Badran S, Roy B, Bessart du Parc AS, Bruyant M, Lefevre B, Maurin JC. Technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students at the dental teaching centre in Reims, France. Int Endod J. 2008;41(8):679\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"6","key":"9760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000600018","volume":"23","author":"RC Martins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martins RC, Seijo MO, Ferreira EF, Paiva SM, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP. Dental students\u2019 perceptions about the endodontic treatments performed using NiTi rotary instruments and hand stainless steel files. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(6):729\u201336.","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(79)80154-5","volume":"5","author":"K Kerekes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kerekes K, Tronstad L. Long-term results of endodontic treatment performed with a standardized technique. J Endod. 1979;5(3):83\u201390.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"8","key":"9760_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00546.x","volume":"35","author":"GM Hommez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hommez GM, Coppens CR, De Moor RJ. Periapical health related to the quality of coronal restorations and root fillings. Int Endod J. 2002;35(8):680\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9760_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.19176","volume":"19","author":"S Rom\u00e1n-Richon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n-Richon S, Faus-Matoses V, Alegre-Domingo T, Faus-Ll\u00e1cer VJ. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed ex vivo by dental students at Valencia University Medical and Dental School, Spain. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(1):e93\u201397.","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR38","first-page":"355","volume":"37","author":"I Akbar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbar I, Alam F, Raza M. Radiographic technical quality of root canal fillings performed by undergraduate dental students. Pakistan Oral Dent J. 2017;37(2):355\u201360.","journal-title":"Pakistan Oral Dent J"},{"key":"9760_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elemam RF, Abdul Majid ZS, Groesbeck M, Azevedo \u00c1F. Quality of Root Canals Performed by the Inaugural Class of Dental Students at Libyan International Medical University. Int J Dent 2015, 2015:135120.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/135120"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR40","first-page":"12","volume":"1","author":"M Fonseka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fonseka M, Jayasinghe R, Abeysekara W, Wettasinghe K. Evaluation of the radiographic quality of roots filling, performed by undergraduates in the Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Int J Res Med Sci. 2013;1(3):12\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"9760_CR41","first-page":"e197","volume":"51","author":"W Fong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fong W, Heidarifar O, Killough S, Lappin MJ, El Karim IA. An audit on technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 2018;51(Suppl 3):e197\u2013203.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"9760_CR42","unstructured":"Rapo H, Oikarinen-Juusola K, Laitala M-L, Pesonen P, Anttonen V. Outcomes of endodontic treatments performed by dental students: a follow-up study. 2017."},{"issue":"2","key":"9760_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2018.69775","volume":"3","author":"AA Habib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habib AA, Doumani MD, Nassani MZ, Shamsy E, Jto BS, Arwad\u0130 HA, Mohamed SA. Radiographic Assessment of the Quality of Root Canal Fillings Performed by Senior Dental Students. Eur Endod J. 2018;3(2):101\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR44","first-page":"787","volume":"20","author":"A Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali A, Fadhil N, Al-Maroof A. Evaluation of technical quality and procedural errors of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate and postgraduate dental students: A retrospective radiographic analysis. Medico-Leg Update. 2020;20(3):787\u201392.","journal-title":"Medico-Leg Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"9760_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2018.69077","volume":"3","author":"NK Polyzos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polyzos NK, Sarris KG, Pita AI, Mikrogeorgis GV, Lyroudia KM. Quality of Root Canal Fillings Performed by Undergraduate Students and the Related Factors on the Treatment Outcome: A 2- to 5-Year Follow-Up. Eur Endod J. 2018;3(3):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"issue":"8","key":"9760_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0143-2885.2001.00508.x","volume":"34","author":"Undergraduate curriculum guidelines for endodontology","year":"2001","unstructured":"Undergraduate curriculum guidelines for endodontology. Int Endod J. 2001;34(8):574\u201380.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"9760_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mergoni G, Citterio I, Toffoli A, Macaluso GM, Manfredi M. How is endodontics taught in Italy? A survey of Italian dental schools. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23):7190.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237190"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:16:38Z","timestamp":1787796998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09760-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Yuzuncu Yil University (Decision number: 2021\/08\u2009\u2212\u200903) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Extracted human teeth obtained during routine dental procedures at our university clinic are routinely collected and stored for use in preclinical education and research in accordance with institutional regulations. All materials were anonymized. The study retrospectively evaluated root canal treatments performed by preclinical dental students on archived extracted teeth between 2019 and 2021. Written general informed consent permitting the use of anonymized clinical data for research purposes is routinely obtained from all patients at admission. Therefore, no additional informed consent was required for this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1387"}}