{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:12:45Z","timestamp":1789081965223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":78,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Educational Research Project of Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University","award":["No.23NJ-ZP05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.23NJ-ZP05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:07:34Z","timestamp":1782392854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating online learning with PBL and CBL: a promising approach to improve comprehensive learning outcomes in breast surgery for Chinese eight-year medical students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02875-6","volume":"21","author":"W Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang W. Medical education in china: progress in the past 70 years and a vision for the future. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-02875-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03531-3","volume":"22","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Zhang J, Cai Q, Wang J, Liu G, Liu Y, Mei F, Niu J, Xiao L, Tian Y, Li H. Evaluation of a prerequisite course of histology implementation for Chinese students of eight-year medical programme: a mixed quantitative survey. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03531-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07641-6","volume":"25","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhao B, Wang X, Guo M, Wang L, Dou L, Sun Y. RTCi versus OSBC teaching method in eight-year medical program: a randomized, controlled educational research. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):1082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07641-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02306-y","volume":"20","author":"W Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao W, He L, Deng W, Zhu J, Su A, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of the combined problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL) teaching method in the clinical practical teaching of thyroid disease. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-020-02306-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"9784_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.09.027","volume":"71","author":"S Dehghanzadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dehghanzadeh S, Jafaraghaee F. Comparing the effects of traditional lecture and flipped classroom on nursing students\u2019 critical thinking disposition: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;71:151\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.09.027 . Epub 2018 Sep 28.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"9784_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2017.64","volume":"29","author":"KJ Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim KJ, Hwang JY. Characteristics of medical teachers using student-centered teaching methods. Korean J Med Educ. 2017;29(3):187\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3946\/kjme.2017.64 . Epub 2017 Aug 29.","journal-title":"Korean J Med Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"9784_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306653","volume":"19","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang M, Hu W. Application of PBL combined with CBL teaching method in clinical teaching of vascular surgery. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(8):e0306653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306653.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9784_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S444566","volume":"14","author":"WK Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim WK. Problem based learning in medical education: handling objections and sustainable implementation. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2023;14:1453\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AMEP.S444566.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"9784_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202104_25726","volume":"25","author":"XY Cen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cen XY, Hua Y, Niu S, Yu T. Application of case-based learning in medical student education: a meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(8):3173\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202104_25726.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"9784_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105117","volume":"177","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao C, Xu T, Yao Y, Song Q, Xu B. Comparison of case-based learning using Watson for oncology and traditional method in teaching undergraduate medical students. Int J Med Inf. 2023;177:105117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105117 . Epub 2023 Jun 5.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05758-8","volume":"24","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang W, Zhang X, Chen X, Lu J, Tian F. Based case based learning and flipped classroom as a means to improve international students\u2019 active learning and critical thinking ability. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05758-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9784_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03154-8","volume":"22","author":"JC Trull\u00e0s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trull\u00e0s JC, Blay C, Sarri E, Pujol R. Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03154-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"9784_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198009","volume":"13","author":"AC L\u00f6rwald","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00f6rwald AC, Lahner FM, Nouns ZM, Berendonk C, Norcini J, Greif R, Huwendiek S. The educational impact of Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) and its association with implementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(6):e0198009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198009.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"9784_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103497","volume":"82","author":"C Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu C, Ren M, Luo C, Asfandyar K, Liu J, Chen D, Lei Z. Application of mini-CEX evaluation combined with segmented teaching approach in the training of surgical clinical practice skills for resident physicians. J Surg Educ. 2025;82(5):103497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103497. Epub 2025 Mar 5.","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"9784_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509238","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1509238","volume":"12","author":"Z Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Z, Zhang W, Huang M, Liu X. Application of directly observed procedural skills in hospital infection training: a randomized controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1509238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1509238.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9784_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12486","volume":"24","author":"OH Oderinu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oderinu OH, Adegbulugbe IC, Orenuga OO, Butali A. Comparison of students\u2019 perception of problem-based learning and traditional teaching method in a Nigerian dental school. Eur J Dent Educ. 2020;24(2):207\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12486.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:05:23Z","timestamp":1789081523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-026-09784-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating students. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1457"}}