{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:27:37Z","timestamp":1783495657745,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002382","name":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RAC2161073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAC2161073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1556888606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prediction of life-story narrative for end-of-life surrogate\u2019s decision-making is inadequate: a Q-methodology study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Muhammad M.","family":"Hammami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kafa","family":"Abuhdeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad B.","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia J. S.","family":"De Padua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Al-Balkhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ETTA.0000042908.13784.00","volume":"7","author":"JK Davis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davis JK. Precedent autonomy and subsequent consent. Ethical Theory Moral Pract. 2004;7:267\u201391.","journal-title":"Ethical Theory Moral Pract"},{"key":"368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480150073040","volume":"267","author":"EJ Emanuel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL. Proxy decision making for incompetent patients: an ethical and empirical analysis. JAMA. 1992;267:2067\u201371.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"368_CR3","first-page":"73","volume":"59","author":"S Tsinorema","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsinorema S. The principle of autonomy and the ethics of advance directives. Synth Philosophica. 2015;59:73\u201388.","journal-title":"Synth Philosophica"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951505050212","volume":"3","author":"MA Meeker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meeker MA, Jezewski MA. Family decision making at end of life. Palliat Support Care. 2005;3(2):131\u201342.","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.5.493","volume":"166","author":"DI Shalowitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shalowitz DI, Garrett-Mayer E, Wendler D. The accuracy of surrogate decision makers. A systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:493\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"368_CR6","first-page":"412","volume":"15","author":"MK Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song MK, Ward SE, Lin FC. End-of-life decision-making confidence in surrogates of African-American dialysis patient is overly optimistic. J Palliat Care. 2012;15(4):412\u20137.","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732303260501","volume":"14","author":"MA Meeker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meeker MA. Family surrogate decision making at the end of life: seeing them through with care and respect. Qual Health Res. 2004;14(2):204\u201325.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.17.2073","volume":"163","author":"TR Fried","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fried TR, Bradley EH, Towle VR. Valuing the outcomes of treatment: do patients and their caregivers agree? Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2073\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-015-0064-5","volume":"14","author":"MM Hammami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammami MM, Al Gaai E, Hammami S, Attala S. Exploring end of life priorities in Saudi males: usefulness of Q-methodology. BMC Palliat Care. 2015;14(1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12904-015-0064-5 .","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0688-8","volume":"23","author":"AM Torke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torke AM, Alexander GC, Lantos J. Substituted judgment: the limitations of autonomy in surrogate decision making. J Gen Inten Med. 2008;23(9):1514\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gen Inten Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040035","volume":"4","author":"DI Shalowitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shalowitz DI, Garrett-Mayer E, Wendler D. How should treatment decisions be made for incapacitated patients, and why? PLoS Med. 2007;4(3):0423\u20138.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2004.00383.x","volume":"18","author":"HM Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan HM. Sharing death and dying: advance directives, autonomy and the family. Bioethics. 2004;18(2):87\u2013103.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-017-0069-3","volume":"34","author":"H Nagai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagai H. Blood ties and trust: a comparative history of policy on family consent in Japan and the United States. Monash Bioeth Rev. 2017;34:226\u201338.","journal-title":"Monash Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Fritch J, Petronio S, Helft PR, Torke A. Making decisions for hospitalized older adults: ethical factors considered by family surrogates. J Clin Ethics 2013; 24(2):125\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE201324205"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1179\/1743291X14Y.0000000114","volume":"23","author":"Bernard Sussman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sussman B. A narrative approach to the ethical dilemmas of surrogate decision making. Sci Art Caring. 2015;(3):137\u201341.","journal-title":"Progress in Palliative Care"},{"key":"368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1999.tb01432.x","volume":"27","author":"J Blustein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blustein J. Choosing for others as continuing a life story: the problem of personal identity revisited. J Law Med Ethics. 1999;27:20\u201331.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1999.tb01433.x","volume":"27","author":"MG Kuczewski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kuczewski MG. Commentary: narrative views of personal identity and substituted judgment in surrogate decision making. J Law Med Ethics. 1999;27:32\u20136.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"issue":"17","key":"368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1595","volume":"304","author":"DP Sulmasy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sulmasy DP, Snyder L. Substituted interests and best judgments. An integrated model of surrogate decision making. JAMA. 2010;304(17):1946\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101852","volume":"41","author":"J Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips J, Wendler D. Clarifying substituted judgment: the endorsed life approach. J Med Ethics. 2015;41:723\u201330.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1353\/hcr.0.0113","volume":"39","author":"D Brudney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brudney D. Choosing for another: beyond autonomy and best interests. Hast Cent Rep. 2009;39(2):31\u20137.","journal-title":"Hast Cent Rep"},{"key":"368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S105578","volume":"10","author":"MM Hammami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hammami MM, Hammami S, Amer HA, Khodr NA. Typology of end-of-life priorities in Saudi females: averaging analysis and Q-methodology. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:781\u201394.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5146.1000247","volume":"4","author":"S Hammami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hammami S, Farah FA, Hammami MM. Surrogate end-of-life decisions: projection or simulation? Gen Med (Los Angel). 2016;4(3):1000247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2327-5146.1000247 .","journal-title":"Gen Med (Los Angel)"},{"key":"368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985512","volume-title":"Q methodology","author":"D McKeown Band Thomas","year":"1988","unstructured":"McKeown Band Thomas D. Q methodology. Newbury Park: Sage publications; 1988."},{"key":"368_CR24","first-page":"141","volume":"8","author":"DM Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas DM, Watson RT. Q-sorting and MIS research: a primer. Comm Assoc Info Syst. 2002;8:141\u201356.","journal-title":"Comm Assoc Info Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1717-6","volume":"26","author":"RK Sharma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharma RK, Hughes MT, Nolan MT, Tudor C, Kub J, Terry PB, Sulmasy DP. Family understanding of seriously-ill patient preferences for family involvement in healthcare decision making. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(8):881\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-011-1717-6 .","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309809595548","volume":"125","author":"DM Corey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Corey DM, Dunlap WP, Burke MJ. Averaging correlations: expected values and bias in combined Pearson rs and Fisher\u2019s z transformations. J Gen Psychol. 1998;125(3):245\u201362.","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol"},{"issue":"7382","key":"368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.219","volume":"326","author":"DG Altman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Altman DG, Bland JM. Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ. 2003;326(7382):219.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7","key":"368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.05.013","volume":"88","author":"MP Combs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combs MP, Rasinski KA, Yoon JD, Curlin FA. Substituted judgment in principle and practice: a national physician survey. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(7):666\u201373.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"12","key":"368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4158-z","volume":"32","author":"R Devnani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devnani R, Slaven JE Jr, Bosslet GT, Montz K, Inger L, Burke ES, Torke AM. How surrogates decide: a secondary data analysis of decision-making principles used by the surrogates of hospitalized adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(12):1285\u201393.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"368_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-004-0725-z","volume":"13","author":"S. Sahm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sahm S 1, Will R, Hommel G. What are cancer patients' preferences about treatment at the end of life, and who should start talking about it? A comparison with healthy people and medical staff. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13(4):206\u2013214.","journal-title":"Supportive Care in Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"368_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr602","volume":"23","author":"B Gomes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomes B, Higginson IJ, Calanzani N, Cohem J, Delians L, Daveson BA, Bechinger-English D, Bausewein C, Ferreira PL, Toscani F, Menaca A, Gysels M, Ceulemans L, Simon ST, Pasman HR, Albers G, Hall S, Murtagh FE, Haugen DF, Downing J, Koffman J, Pettenati F, Finetti S, Antunes B. Harding R, on behalf of PRISMA: preferences for place of death if faced with advanced cancer: a population survey in England, Flanders, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(8):2006\u201315.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"368_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3283","volume":"22","author":"R Harding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harding R, Simms V, Calanzani N, Higginson IJ, Hall S, Gysels M, Menaca A, Bausewein C, Delians L, Ferreira P, Toscani F, Daveson BA, Ceulemans L, Gomes B. On behalf of PRISMA: if you had less than a year to live, would you want to know? A seven-country European population survey of public preferences for disclosure of poor prognosis. Psychooncology. 2013;22(10):2298\u2013305.","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"368_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216312471883","volume":"27","author":"BA Daveson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daveson BA, Bausewein C, Murtagh FEM, Calanzani N, Higginson IJ, Harding R, Cohen J, Simon ST, Deliens L, Bechinger-English D, Hall S, Koffman J, Ferreira PL, Toscani F, Gysels M, Ceulemans L, Haugen DF, Gomes B. On behalf of PRISMA: to be involved or not to be involved: a survey of public preferences for self-involvement in decision-making involving mental capacity (competency) within Europe. Palliat Med. 2013;27(5):418\u201327.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216313488989","volume":"28","author":"IJ Higginson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Higginson IJ, Gomes B, Calanzani N, Gao W, Bausewein C, Daveson BA, Deliens L, Ferreira PL, Toscani F, Gysels M, Ceulemans L, Simon ST, Cohen J, Harding R. On behalf of Project PRISMA. Priorities for treatment, care and information if faced with serious illness: a comparative population-based survey in seven European countries. Palliat Med. 2014;28(2):101\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269216313488989 .","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"368_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2008.02.012","volume":"37","author":"L Downey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Downey L, Engelberg RA, Curtis R, Lafferty WE, Patrick DL. Shared priorities for the end-of-life period. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2009;37:175\u201388.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"368_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-13-4","volume":"13","author":"J Downing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Downing J, Gomes B, Gikaara N, Munene G, Daveson BA, Powel RA, Mwangi-Powel FN, Higginson IJ. Harding R and on behalf of project PRISMA. Public preferences and priorities for end-of-life care in Kenya: a population-based street survey. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-684X-13-4 .","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.04.004","volume":"47","author":"RA Powell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powell RA, Namisango E, Gikaara N, Moyo S, Mwangi-Powell FN, Gomes B, Harding R. Public priorities and preferences for end-of-life care in Namibia. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2014;47(3):620\u201330.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"368_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.05.019","volume":"30","author":"ST Tang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tang ST, Liu TW, Lai MS, Liu LN, Chen CH. Concordance of preferences for end-of-life care between terminally ill cancer patients and their family caregivers in Taiwan. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2005;30(6):510\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"368_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/45.6.812","volume":"45","author":"RA Pruchno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pruchno RA, Lemay EP Jr, Feild L, Levinsky NG. Spouse as health care proxy for dialysis patients: whose preferences matter? Gerontologist. 2005;45(6):812\u20139.","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"issue":"12","key":"368_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2129-y","volume":"27","author":"Y Schenker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schenker Y, Crowley-Matoka M, Dohan D, Tiver GA, Arnold RM, White DB. I don't want to be the one saying 'we should just let him die': intrapersonal tensions experienced by surrogate decision makers in the ICU. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(12):1657\u201365.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1995.tb00837.x","volume":"27","author":"MK Libbus","year":"1995","unstructured":"Libbus MK, Russell C. Congruence of decisions between patients and their potential surrogates about life-sustaining therapies. Image J Nurs Sch. 1995;27(2):135\u201340.","journal-title":"Image J Nurs Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0839-y","volume":"24","author":"HS Perkins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perkins HS, Cortez MA, Hazuuda HP. Substituted judgment. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;24(1):144.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-014-9581-x","volume":"18","author":"CJ Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohen CJ, Chen Y, Orbach H, Freier-Dror Y, Auslander G, Breuer GS. Social values as an independent factor affecting end of life medical decision making. Med Health Care Philos. 2015;18(1):71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-014-9581-x .","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/104973299129121776","volume":"9","author":"MA Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown MA, Stetz K. The labor of caregiving: a theoretical model of caregiving during potentially fatal illness. Qual Health Res. 1999;9(2):182\u201397.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.004","volume":"29","author":"JJ Fins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fins JJ, Maltby BS, Friedmann E, Greene MG, Norris K, Adelman R, Byock I. Contracts, covenants and advance care planning: an empirical study of the moral obligations of patient and proxy. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2005;29(1):55\u201368.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909115609576","volume":"34","author":"Patricia A. Mayer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayer PA, Esplin B, Burant CJ. Characteristics of completed comprehensive advance directives at a veterans affairs medical center. A J Hospice Pal Med 2015; PMID 26494828 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049909115609576 .","journal-title":"American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine\u00ae"},{"key":"368_CR47","first-page":"315","volume":"6","author":"RJ Tunney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tunney RJ, Ziegler FV. Surrogate utility estimation by long-term partners and unfamiliar dyads. Front Psycol. 2015;6:315.","journal-title":"Front Psycol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T16:09:51Z","timestamp":1721232591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0368-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki after approval of the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC). All respondents provided verbal informed consent as approved by the REC. A verbal rather than a written informed consent was requested by the REC because the study does not present more than minimal risk of harm to respondents, does not involve any procedures for which written consent is normally required, and for confidentiality protection, as a consent document would be the only identifiable link between respondents and the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MMH is an Associate Editor of BMC Medical Ethics. Otherwise, the authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"28"}}