{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:11:15Z","timestamp":1791411075130,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Ethics"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1729126901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ethical constraints and dilemmas in the provision of in-vitro fertilization treatment in Ghana: from the perspectives of experts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Appiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Ganle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","volume":"2022","author":"CM Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox CM, Thoma ME, Tchangalova N, Mburu G, Bornstein MJ, Johnson CL, Kiarie J. Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open. 2022;2022(4):hoac051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"1113_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donkor ES, Naab F, Kussiwaah DY. I am anxious and desperate: psychological experiences of women with infertility in The Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Fertil Res and Pract [Internet]. 2017 Mar 16[cited 2023 Mar 1]; 3(1): 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40738-017-0033-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-017-0033-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00920-z","volume":"17","author":"D Ofosu-Budu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ofosu-Budu D, Hanninen V. Living as an infertile woman: the case of southern and northern Ghana. Reprod Health. 2020;17(1):69.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1113_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab198","volume":"36","author":"GM Chambers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chambers GM, Dyer S, Zegers-Hochschild F, de Mouzon J, Ishihara O, Banker M, Mansour R, Kupka MS, Adamson GD. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies world report: assisted reproductive technology, 2014. Hum Reprod. 2021;36(11):2921\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deab198.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1113_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alhassan A, Ziblim AR, Muntaka S. A survey on depression among infertile women in Ghana. BMC women\u2019s health [Internet]. 2014 Mar 10 [cited 2023 Mar 1]; 14(1): 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-42","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-42"},{"key":"1113_CR6","unstructured":"Temitope L. A qualitative synthesis of the impact of infertility on the mental health of African women. African Journal of Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2022[cited 2023 Mar 1]; 26(12): 49\u201357. https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ajrh\/article\/view\/239710"},{"issue":"2","key":"1113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoad007","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad007","volume":"2023","author":"P Njagi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Njagi P, Groot W, Arsenijevic J, Dyer S, Mburu G, Kiarie J. Financial costs of assisted reproductive technology for patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Open. 2023;2023(2):hoad007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoad007.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"1113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim AH, Rahman NNA, Saifuddeen SM. Maqasid al-Shariah as a Complementary Framework for Conventional Bioethics: Application in Malaysian Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Fatwa. Science and Engineering Ethics [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1[cited 2023 Feb 14]; 24(5): 1493\u2013 502.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-9963-6"},{"issue":"11","key":"1113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6411a1","volume":"64","author":"S Sunderam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sunderam S, Kissin DM, Crawford SB, Folger SG, Jamieson DJ, Warner L, Barfield WD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance - United States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64(11):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6411a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"1113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arhin SK, Tang R, Hamid A, Dzandu D, Akpetey BK. Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceptions about In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) among Women of Childbearing Age in Cape Coast, Ghana. Obstetrics and Gynecology International [Internet]. 2022 Jul 7[cited 2023 Feb 14]; 2022: e5129199. https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ogi\/2022\/5129199\/","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5129199"},{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","volume":"326","author":"SA Carson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carson SA, Kallen AN. Diagnosis and management of infertility: a review. JAMA. 2021;326(1):65\u201376.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1113_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandian Z, Gibreel A, Bhattacharya S. In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015[cited 2023 Mar 1]; (11). https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003357.pub4\/full","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003357.pub4"},{"key":"1113_CR13","first-page":"65","volume":"11","author":"W Ombelet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ombelet W, Onofre J. IVF in Africa: what is it all about? Facts Views Vis ObGyn. 2019;11:65\u201376.","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis ObGyn"},{"key":"1113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2016.05.002","volume":"2","author":"T Gerrits","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerrits T. Assisted reproductive technologies in Ghana: transnational undertakings, local practices and more affordable IVF. Reprod Biomed Soc Online. 2016;2:32\u20138.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"key":"1113_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asplund K. Use of in vitro fertilization\u2014ethical issues. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2020 Apr 2[cited 2023 Feb 10]; 125(2): 192\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03009734.2019.1684405","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2019.1684405"},{"key":"1113_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuivasaari-Pirinen P, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Hippel\u00e4inen M, Raatikainen K, Heinonen S. Outcome of assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and subsequent self-reported life satisfaction. PLOS ONE[Internet]. 2014 Nov 13[cited 2023 Feb 23]; 9(11): e112540. https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0112540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112540"},{"key":"1113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1590\/S1983-80422014000100015","volume":"22","author":"AA Bazzaco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bazzaco AA, Valelongo PO, Miziara ID, Barbosa CP. Understanding about free consent in assisted reproduction techniques. Revista Bio\u00e9tica. 2014;22:134\u201344.","journal-title":"Revista Bio\u00e9tica"},{"key":"1113_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dieke AC, Zhang Y, Kissin DM, Barfield WD, Boulet SL. Disparities in assisted Reproductive Technology utilization by race and ethnicity, United States, 2014: a Commentary. Journal of Women\u2019s Health [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited 2023 Mar 3]; 26(6): 605\u20138. https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/full\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2017.6467","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6467"},{"key":"1113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiadzi RA, Woodward B, Akrong GB. Ethical issues surrounding the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ghana: An analysis of the experiences of clients and service providers. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Feb [cited 2023 Feb 23]; 9(2): e13767. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S240584402300974X","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13767"},{"key":"1113_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Busard\u00f2 FP, Gulino M, Napoletano S, Zaami S, Frati P. The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members. Zollner U, editor. BioMed Research International [Internet]. 2014; 2014: 307160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/307160","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/307160"},{"key":"1113_CR21","unstructured":"Cudd A, Eftekhari S, Zalta EN, Nodelman U. Contractarianism. 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S000712341400026X","volume":"46","author":"C Bodea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bodea C, LeBas A. The origins of Voluntary Compliance: attitudes toward Taxation in Urban Nigeria. Br J Polit Sci. 2016;46(1):215\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S000712341400026X.","journal-title":"Br J Polit Sci"},{"key":"1113_CR23","unstructured":"Kimball A. The seed: infertility is a feminist issue. Coach House Books; 2019 Apr. p. 10."},{"issue":"6","key":"1113_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"1113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-019-0509-2","volume":"8","author":"BE Neubauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neubauer BE, Witkop CT, Varpio L. How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8:90\u20137.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport. Exerc Health. 2019;11(4):589\u201397.","journal-title":"Exerc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1113_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1108\/JOCM-12-2019-0393","volume":"34","author":"V D\u00f6rfler","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u00f6rfler V, Stierand M, Bracketing. A phenomenological theory applied through transpersonal reflexivity. J Organizational Change Manage. 2021;34(4):778\u201393.","journal-title":"J Organizational Change Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08474-5","volume":"22","author":"E Maeda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maeda E, Jwa SC, Kumazawa Y, Saito K, Iba A, Yanagisawa Sugita A, Kuwahara A, Saito H, Terada Y, Fukuda T, Ishihara O. Out-of-pocket payment and patients\u2019 treatment choice for assisted reproductive technology by household income: a conjoint analysis using an online social research panel in Japan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):1093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-08474-5.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030752","volume":"12","author":"F Barbagallo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbagallo F, Cannarella R, Crafa A, La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Manna C, Calogero AE. The impact of a very short abstinence period on assisted reproductive technique outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants. 2023;12(3):752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12030752.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-022-00764-7","volume":"21","author":"E Keller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keller E, Botha W, Chambers GM. What features of fertility treatment do patients value? Price elasticity and willingness-to-pay values from a discrete choice experiment. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2023;21(1):91\u2013107.","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"1113_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.018","volume":"4","author":"E Keller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keller E, Botha W, Chambers GM. Does in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment provide good value for money? A cost-benefit analysis. Front Global Women\u2019s Health. 2023;4:971553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.018.","journal-title":"Front Global Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1113_CR32","unstructured":"Margalit Y. Scarce Medical resources\u2014Parenthood at Every Age, in every case and subsidized by the state? 9 Netanya Acad. L Rev 2014; 191 (Heb.)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1113_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.018","volume":"103","author":"SR Holley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holley SR, Pasch LA, Bleil ME, Gregorich S, Katz PK, Adler NE. Prevalence and predictors of major depressive disorder for fertility treatment patients and their partners. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(5):1332\u20139.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"1113_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2017.09.003","volume":"23","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Mohammadi M, Navid B, Ezabadi Z, Samani RO. The prevalence of anxiety and depression among people with infertility referring to Royan Institute in Tehran, Iran: a cross-sectional questionnaire study. Middle East Fertility Soc J. 2018;23(2):103\u20136.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Soc J"},{"key":"1113_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0956-1","volume":"16","author":"R Omani-Samani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omani-Samani R, Ghaheri A, Navid B, Sepidarkish M, Maroufizadeh S. Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and its related factors among infertile patients in Iran: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1113_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reupert A, Maybery D, Nicholson J, G\u00f6pfert M, Seeman MV, editors. Parental psychiatric disorder: distressed parents and their families. Cambridge University Press; 2015 Jul. p. 9.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107707559"},{"key":"1113_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell L, Poon AW. Parenting challenges for persons with a serious mental illness. Mental health and social work. 2020:457\u2009\u2013\u200974.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6975-9_16"},{"issue":"3","key":"1113_CR38","first-page":"175","volume":"2","author":"E Mohammadzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh E. P151: emotional disorders and anxiety during IVF-Treatment. Neurosci J Shefaye Khatam. 2014;2(3):175.","journal-title":"Neurosci J Shefaye Khatam"},{"key":"1113_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van den Akker O. Emotional and psychosocial risk associated with fertility treatment. Reducing risk Fertility Treat. 2015;79\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-5257-6_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-5257-6_5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1113_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1232085","volume":"24","author":"A Malina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malina A, Pooley JA. Psychological consequences of IVF fertilization\u2013review of research. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24(4):554\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"1113_CR41","unstructured":"Wells KJ, Gordon JR, Su HI, Plosker S, Quinn GP. Ethical considerations for informed consent in infertility research: the use of electronic health records. Adv Med Ethics. 2015;2."},{"key":"1113_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112926","volume":"252","author":"N Kaur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaur N, Ricciardelli R. Negotiating risk and choice in multifetal pregnancies. Soc Sci Med. 2020;252:112926.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1113_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soave I, Marci R. Regulation, data management, informed consent, and legal issues for ART. In Management of infertility 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 405\u20139). Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89907-9.00019-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"1113_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/fcre.12309","volume":"55","author":"A Faver","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faver A. Whose embryo is it anyway? The need for a Federal Statute enforcing frozen embryo Disposition contracts. Family Court Rev. 2017;55(4):633\u201347.","journal-title":"Family Court Rev"},{"key":"1113_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01592-w","volume":"36","author":"M Simopoulou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simopoulou M, Sfakianoudis K, Giannelou P, Rapani A, Maziotis E, Tsioulou P, Grigoriadis S, Simopoulos E, Mantas D, Lambropoulou M, Koutsilieris M. Discarding IVF embryos: reporting on global practices. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36:2447\u201357.","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"1113_CR46","unstructured":"Lockwood GM. Whose embryos are they anyway? In Contemporary ethical dilemmas in assisted Reproduction 2021 Sep 22 (pp. 3\u201311). CRC."},{"issue":"10","key":"1113_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316686759","volume":"27","author":"S Goedeke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goedeke S, Daniels K, Thorpe M, Du Preez E. The fate of unused embryos: discourses, action possibilities, and subject positions. Qual Health Res. 2017;27(10):1529\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732316686759.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"1113_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balakrishnan P, Balu N. Commercialisation of human embryos and stem cells. Int J Health Sci. 2022;4703\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS1.5896.","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS1.5896"},{"issue":"1431","key":"1113_CR49","first-page":"80","volume":"129","author":"M Legge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Legge M, Fitzgerald R. Valuing embryos as both commodities and singularities. New Z Med J (Online). 2016;129(1431):80.","journal-title":"New Z Med J (Online)"},{"key":"1113_CR50","unstructured":"Adamson GD, Rutherford AJ. Commercialization of in-vitro fertilization. In-Vitro Fertilization: Pioneers\u2019 History. 2018 Jun 14."},{"key":"1113_CR51","unstructured":"Anton R. On the future advances in engineering and in-vitro culture of human embryos [Internet]. 2016 https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/id\/eprint\/71450 Accessed 13 March 2023."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T01:02:18Z","timestamp":1729126938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-024-01113-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4693060\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research\u2013Institutional Review Board (NMIMR-IRB) gave ethical approval for this study (approval # CPN 014\/23\u201324, valid from 2nd August 2023 to 1st August 2024). The study procedures adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"114"}}