{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:48:45Z","timestamp":1791694125452,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Ethics"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:23:20Z","timestamp":1780410200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethical evaluation of urology specialists\u2019 knowledge and attitudes on the application of medical (chemical) castration for sexual offenders: a perspective from Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcmtaz","family":"Dadal\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9166-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00fcket \u00d6rnek","family":"B\u00fcken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1495_CR1","volume-title":"World report on violence and health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on violence and health. Geneva: WHO; 2002."},{"key":"1495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","volume":"360","author":"EG Krug","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. The world report on violence and health. Lancet. 2002;360:1083\u20138. 10.1016\/. S0140\u20136736(02)11133\u20130.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1495_CR3","volume-title":"WHO multi\u2013country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women","author":"C Garcia\u2013Moreno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garcia\u2013Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, et al. WHO multi\u2013country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: WHO; 2005."},{"key":"1495_CR4","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye. Turkish Penal Code No. 5237. Official Gazette. 12. Oct 2004. https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2004\/10\/20041012.htm [Accessed 27 July 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR5","first-page":"297","volume":"49","author":"F Thibaut","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thibaut F. Pharmacological treatment of paraphilias. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2012;49:297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"1495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.5.601","volume":"138","author":"FS Berlin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Berlin FS, Meinecke CF. Treatment of sex offenders with anti\u2013androgenic medication: conceptualization, review of treatment modalities, and preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138:601\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.138.5.601.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1495_CR7","first-page":"502","volume":"31","author":"CL Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scott CL, Holmberg T. Castration of sex offenders: prisoners\u2019 rights versus public safety. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31:502\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"1495_CR8","unstructured":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye. Regulation on treatment and other obligations to be applied to convicts of crimes against sexual immunity. Official Gazette. 26. Jul 2016. https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2016\/07\/20160726-1.htm [Accessed 27 July 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR9","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. Turkey considering chemical castration of sex offenders. 27. Feb 2018. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/02\/27\/turkey-considering-chemical-castration-sex-offenders [Accessed 27 July 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR10","unstructured":"American Medical Association. Resolution 501 (A\u201323). 2023. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/system\/files\/a23-501.pdf [Accessed 27 July 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia FD, Delavenne HG, Assump\u00e7\u00e3o AF, Thibaut F. Pharmacologic treatment of sex offenders with paraphilic disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:356.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0356-5"},{"key":"1495_CR12","unstructured":"Scully JL. Feminist bioethics. In: Zalta EN, Nodelman U, eds. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Fall 2023. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2023\/entries\/feminist-bioethics\/ [Accessed 27 July 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9973.00165","volume":"31","author":"HL Nelson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nelson HL. Feminist bioethics: where we\u2019ve been, where we\u2019re going. Metaphilosophy. 2000;31:492\u2013508.","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"1495_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-011-9341-z","volume":"9","author":"JM Appel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Appel JM. Castration anxiety: physicians, do no harm, and chemical sterilization laws. J Bioeth Inq. 2012;9:85\u201391.","journal-title":"J Bioeth Inq"},{"key":"1495_CR15","volume-title":"Declaration of Tokyo: guidelines for physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Medical Association. Declaration of Tokyo: guidelines for physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Ferney\u2013Voltaire: WMA; 2019."},{"key":"1495_CR16","volume-title":"Convention on human rights and biomedicine (Oviedo Convention)","author":"Council of Europe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Council of Europe. Convention on human rights and biomedicine (Oviedo Convention). Strasbourg: Council of Europe; 1997."},{"key":"1495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas T, Bonte P, Focquaert F, et al. Coercion, incarceration, and chemical castration: an argument from autonomy. J Bioeth Inq. 2013;10:393\u2013405.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-013-9465-4"},{"key":"1495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f0eb0b","volume":"20","author":"P Briken","year":"2007","unstructured":"Briken P, Kafka MP. Pharmacological treatments for paraphilic patients and sexual offenders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20:609\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f0eb0b.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1495_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"K Harris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harris K. Legal and ethical issues when using anti\u2013androgenic pharmacotherapy with sex offenders. Sex Offender Treat. 2008;3:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Sex Offender Treat"},{"key":"1495_CR20","first-page":"251","volume":"22","author":"TMS Maia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maia TMS, Seidl EMF. Chemical castration in cases of pedophilia: bioethics considerations. Rev Bio\u00e9t. 2014;22:251\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Bio\u00e9t"},{"key":"1495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12535","volume":"56","author":"CW Burton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burton CW, Gilpin CE, Draughon Moret J. Structural violence: a concept analysis to inform nursing science and practice. Nurs Forum. 2021;56:382\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nuf.12535.","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"key":"1495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onal FG, Marangoz B. How gender\u2013sensitive disaster management is addressed in the Turkish parliament: a qualitative study from feminist bioethics perspective. BMC Womens Health. 2025;25:348.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03629-y"},{"key":"1495_CR23","first-page":"101","volume":"26","author":"WJ Meyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meyer WJ, Cole CM. Physical and chemical castration of sex offenders: a review of methods and outcomes. J Offender Rehabil. 1997;26:101\u201325.","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil"},{"key":"1495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.2.171","volume":"28","author":"JY Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee JY, Cho KS. Chemical castration for sexual offenders: physicians\u2019 views. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:171\u20132.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"1495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3109\/15622971003671628","volume":"11","author":"F Thibaut","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thibaut F, De La Barra F, Gordon H, et al. The WFSBP guidelines for the biological treatment of paraphilias. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11:604\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15622971003671628.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704033361420","volume":"336","author":"FS Berlin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berlin FS. Chemical castration for sex offenders. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199704033361420.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1495_CR27","volume-title":"Declaration on human rights and individual freedom","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Medical Association. Declaration on human rights and individual freedom. Ferney\u2013Voltaire: WMA; 2019."},{"key":"1495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2013.09.005","volume":"37","author":"T van der Meer","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Meer T. Voluntary and therapeutic castration of sex offenders in the Netherlands (1938\u20131968). Int J Law Psychiatry. 2014;37:50\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2013.09.005.","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"1495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004487217122","volume":"33","author":"NJ Lindemann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lindemann NJ. Book review: Margaret Urban Walker, Moral understandings: a feminist study in ethics. J Value Inq. 1999;33:571\u20135.","journal-title":"J Value Inq"},{"key":"1495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038589023002004","volume":"23","author":"S Walby","year":"1989","unstructured":"Walby S. The concept of patriarchy. Sociology. 1989;23:213\u201334.","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1495_CR31","first-page":"502","volume":"31","author":"CL Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scott CL, Holmberg T. Castration of sex offenders: prisoners\u2019 rights versus public safety. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31(4):502\u20139. PMID: 14974806.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"1495_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grubin D, Beech A. Chemical castration for sex offenders. BMJ. 2010;340:c74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c74. PMID: 20068060.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c74"},{"key":"1495_CR33","unstructured":"Council of Europe. Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention). 1997."},{"key":"1495_CR34","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"2","key":"1495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03433-3","volume":"39","author":"P Davey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davey P, Kirby MG. Cardiovascular risk profiles of GnRH agonists and antagonists: real-world analysis from UK general practice. World J Urol. 2021;39(2):307\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-020-03433-3.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"1495_CR36","unstructured":"The Hastings Center. Is castration of sex offenders ever ethically justified? Hastings Center Report. 2024 Available from: https:\/\/www.thehastingscenter.org\/is-castration-of-sex-offenders-ever-ethically-justified\/ [Accessed 06 August 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR37","unstructured":"David John Edward Byrne. From Risk to Relationship: A Liberative Theological Ethical Analysis of the Chemical Castration of Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses against Children in Canadian Communities. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of St. Michael\u2019s College and the Graduate Centre for Theological Studies of the Toronto School of Theology. 2024. Available from: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/ADMIN\/Downloads\/Byrne_David_John_Edward_202411_PhD_thesis.pdf [Accessed 06 August 2025]."},{"key":"1495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sander-Staudt M. Review of Feminist Bioethics At the Center, On the Margins, edited by Jackie Leach Scully, Laurel E. Baldwin-Ragaven, Petya Fitzpatrick. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2010;5:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1747-5341-5-18","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-5341-5-18"},{"issue":"8","key":"1495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01259-3","volume":"23","author":"N Tyler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tyler N, Gannon TA, Olver ME. Does Treatment for Sexual Offending Work? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(8):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-021-01259-3.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05674-x","volume":"24","author":"S Nadolny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nadolny S, Bruns F, Nowak A, Schildmann J. Moral competency of students at a german medical school - A longitudinal survey. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05674-x.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0417-3","volume":"20","author":"C G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-V\u00edrseda C, de Maeseneer Y, Gastmans C. Relational autonomy: what does it mean and how is it used in end-of-life care? A systematic review of argument-based ethics literature. BMC Med Ethics. 2019;20(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0417-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"1495_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1540","volume":"96","author":"LJ Gooren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gooren LJ. Clinical review: Ethical and medical considerations of androgen deprivation treatment of sex offenders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3628\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-1540.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1495_CR43","first-page":"223","volume":"17","author":"JT Melella","year":"1989","unstructured":"Melella JT, Travin S, Cullen K. Legal and ethical issues in the use of antiandrogens in treating sex offenders. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1989;17(3):223\u201332.","journal-title":"Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"1495_CR44","first-page":"233","volume":"17","author":"FS Berlin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berlin FS. The paraphilias and Depo-Provera: some medical, ethical and legal considerations. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1989;17(3):233\u20139.","journal-title":"Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"1495_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pembroke L, Sherman KA, Francis H, Dhillon HM, Gurney H, Gillatt D. Psychosocial Factors Associated with Cognitive Function in Prostate Cancer Survivors on Hormonal Treatments: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024 Apr 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-024-09639-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-024-09639-1"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T02:21:55Z","timestamp":1785982915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-026-01495-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study is based on the doctoral dissertation completed by M\u00fcmtaz Dadal\u0131 in the field of History of Medicine and Ethics. This study was approved by the K\u0131r\u015fehir Ahi Evran University Clinical Research Ethics Committee on march 10, 2020, under decision number 2020-04\/22.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"154"}}