{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:05:15Z","timestamp":1783991115370,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Talent Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine","award":["2024RCCX07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RCCX07"]}]},{"name":"The Talent Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine","award":["2024RCCX06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RCCX06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:15:26Z","timestamp":1779293726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on biomarkers screening for urinary tract infection and the prediction model based on machine learning algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shenshen","family":"Zhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiefei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3574_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scribano D, Sarshar M, Prezioso C, Lucarelli M, Angeloni A, Zagaglia C, et al. D-mannose treatment neither affects uropathogenic Escherichia coli properties nor induces stable FimH modifications. Molecules. 2020;25(2):316.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020316"},{"key":"3574_CR2","first-page":"6659435","volume":"2021","author":"X Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang X, Hu Z, Yue X, Cui Y, Cui J. Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Critically Ill Patients with Urosepticemia and the Imaging Analysis of the Severity of the Disease. J Healthc Eng. 2021;2021:6659435.","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"3574_CR3","volume-title":"In Vitro Synergism of Silver Nanoparticles with Antibiotics as an Alternative Treatment in Multiresistant Uropathogens","author":"M Lopez-Carrizales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez-Carrizales M, Velasco KI, Castillo C, Flores A, Maga\u00f1a M, Martinez-Castanon GA, et al. In Vitro Synergism of Silver Nanoparticles with Antibiotics as an Alternative Treatment in Multiresistant Uropathogens. Volume 7. Basel, Switzerland: Antibiotics; 2018. 2."},{"issue":"7","key":"3574_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200204150-00017","volume":"73","author":"P Kimball","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kimball P, Reid F. Tumor necrosis factor beta gene polymorphisms associated with urinary tract infections after renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2002;73(7):1110\u20132.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"3574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02020","volume":"10","author":"V Verma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verma V, Gupta S, Kumar P, Yadav S, Dhanda RS, Gaind R, et al. Involvement of NLRP3 and NLRC4 Inflammasome in Uropathogenic E. coli Mediated Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2020.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3574_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01051","volume":"10","author":"U Engels\u00f6y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engels\u00f6y U, Rangel I, Demirel I. Impact of Proinflammatory Cytokines on the Virulence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1051.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3574_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136939","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1136939","volume":"11","author":"X Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu X, Wu R, Ji Y, Feng Z. Bibliometric and visual analysis of machine learning-based research in acute kidney injury worldwide. Front public health. 2023;11:1136939.","journal-title":"Front public health"},{"key":"3574_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107724","volume":"168","author":"S Gaffar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaffar S, Hassan MT, Tayara H, Chong KT. IF-AIP: A machine learning method for the identification of anti-inflammatory peptides using multi-feature fusion strategy. Comput Biol Med. 2024;168:107724.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"3574_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108737","volume":"178","author":"MT Hassan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassan MT, Tayara H, Chong KT. NaII-Pred: An ensemble-learning framework for the identification and interpretation of sodium ion inhibitors by fusing multiple feature representation. Comput Biol Med. 2024;178:108737.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"3574_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2023.07.002","volume":"217","author":"MT Hassan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassan MT, Tayara H, Chong KT. Meta-IL4: An ensemble learning approach for IL-4-inducing peptide prediction. Methods (San Diego Calif). 2023;217:49\u201356.","journal-title":"Methods (San Diego Calif)"},{"key":"3574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan MT, Tayara H, Chong KT. iAnOxPep: a machine learning model for the identification of anti-oxidative peptides using ensemble learning. IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform. 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2024.3489614"},{"issue":"10","key":"3574_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02642-9","volume":"60","author":"A Kohlakala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kohlakala A, Coetzer J, Bertels J, Vandermeulen D. Deep learning-based dental implant recognition using synthetic X-ray images. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2022;60(10):2951\u201368.","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"3574_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie Z, Jian J, Chen L. Analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility in bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infections from a Beijing teaching hospital in China, 2009\u20132017. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2023;2023:4360342.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4360342"},{"key":"3574_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070738","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1070738","volume":"14","author":"M Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan M, Lan X, Wang Q, Shan M, Fang X, Zhang Y, et al. Renal function protection and the mechanism of ginsenosides: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1070738.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3574_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02819-2","volume":"25","author":"S Farashi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farashi S, Momtaz HE. Prediction of urinary tract infection using machine learning methods: a study for finding the most-informative variables. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2025;25(1):13.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3574_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/318850","volume":"183","author":"WE Stamm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stamm WE, Norrby SR. Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(Suppl 1):S1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3574_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886782","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.886782","volume":"13","author":"KJ Mansfield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansfield KJ, Chen Z, Moore KH, Grundy L. Urinary Tract Infection in Overactive Bladder: An Update on Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Front Physiol. 2022;13:886782.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001692","volume":"161","author":"SM Brierley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brierley SM, Goh KGK, Sullivan MJ, Moore KH, Ulett GC, Grundy L. Innate immune response to bacterial urinary tract infection sensitises high-threshold bladder afferents and recruits silent nociceptors. Pain. 2020;161(1):202\u201310.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"3574_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.09.003","volume":"22","author":"LK McLellan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLellan LK, Hunstad DA. Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Outlook. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(11):946\u201357.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.75719","volume":"14","author":"M Mazidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Banach M. Effect of magnesium supplements on serum C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives Med science: AMS. 2018;14(4):707\u201316.","journal-title":"Archives Med science: AMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"3574_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02954-z","volume":"20","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Bai C, Huang L, Liu T, Wan Y, Zheng Z, et al. Network pharmacology to dissect the mechanisms of Yinlai Decoction for pneumonia. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):168.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1067\/mda.2003.7","volume":"49","author":"B Foxman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Dis Mon. 2003;49(2):53\u201370.","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"3574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duell BL, Carey AJ, Tan CK, Cui X, Webb RI, Totsika M, et al. Innate transcriptional networks activated in bladder in response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli drive diverse biological pathways and rapid synthesis of IL-10 for defense against bacterial urinary tract infection. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950). 2012;188(2):781\u201392.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101231"},{"key":"3574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Duell BL, Goh KGK, Katupitiya L, Gosling D, et al. Rapid bladder interleukin-10 synthesis in response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli is part of a defense strategy triggered by the major bacterial flagellar filament FliC and contingent on TLR5. mSphere. 2019;4(6):e00545-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00545-19"},{"key":"3574_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963689720947347","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689720947347","volume":"29","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang JP, Liu Y, Wang H, Cheng Y, Wang JH, et al. Plasma Transfusion Promoted Reprogramming CD4(+) T Lymphocytes Immune Response in Severe Sepsis Mice Model Through Modulating the Exosome Protein Galectin 9. Cell Transplant. 2020;29:963689720947347.","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"3574_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-246","volume":"10","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng Z, Ma W, Zhao R, Dong X. Airway exposure to perfluorooctanoate exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness and downregulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in asthmatic mice. Translational Pediatr. 2021;10(2):323\u201332.","journal-title":"Translational Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3574_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25212","volume":"90","author":"F van Someren Gr\u00e9ve","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Someren Gr\u00e9ve F, van der Sluijs KF, Tuip AM, Schultz MJ, de Jong MD, Juffermans NP. Treatment with broadly neutralizing influenza antibodies reduces severity of secondary pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. J Med Virol. 2018;90(9):1431\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"3574_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasi A, Castellano G, Ranieri E, Infante B, Stallone G, Gesualdo L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: immune dysfunction and implications in kidney failure. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):4057.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124057"},{"issue":"11","key":"3574_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518799879","volume":"46","author":"Y Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu Y, Wang Z, Lu B, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, et al. Immune response and differentially expressed proteins in the lung tissue of BALB\/c mice challenged by aerosolized Brucella melitensis 5. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(11):4740\u201352.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"3574_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh N, Martin JM, Hoberman A, Skae M, Milkovich L, Nowalk A, et al. Host and bacterial markers that differ in children with cystitis and pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 2019;209:146\u201353.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.01.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"3574_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62142-6","volume":"161","author":"J Jones-Carson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jones-Carson J, Balish E, Uehling DT. Susceptibility of immunodeficient gene-knockout mice to urinary tract infection. J Urol. 1999;161(1):338\u201341.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3574_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.06.012","volume":"99","author":"M Mizutani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mizutani M, Hasegawa S, Matsushige T, Ohta N, Kittaka S, Hoshide M, et al. Distinctive inflammatory profile between acute focal bacterial nephritis and acute pyelonephritis in children. Cytokine. 2017;99:24\u20139.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"2","key":"3574_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.03.092","volume":"192","author":"MP Katsaris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katsaris MP, Adamis T, Pistiki A, Carrer DP, Galani I, Sabracos L, et al. Immunomodulatory intervention with interferon-\u03b3 in Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. J Urol. 2014;192(2):600\u20136.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3574_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.001","volume":"57","author":"AN Shouse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity. 2024;57(3):414\u201328.","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:30:40Z","timestamp":1783989040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03574-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center and Chongqing University Central Hospital (Approval Ethics Review No. 2021-74). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Individual informed patient consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"263"}}