{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T23:47:36Z","timestamp":1794354456792,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Delirium is common among critically ill patients, leading to increased mortality, physical dependence, and cognitive impairment. Evidence suggests non-pharmacological delirium prevention practices are effective in preventing delirium. However, only a few studies explore the actual implementation and its associated challenges among critical care nurses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To explore critical care nurses\u2019 perceptions of current non-pharmacological delirium prevention practices in adult intensive care settings, including delirium screening, early mobilisation, sleep promotion, family engagement, and sensory stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A qualitative design adopting a thematic analysis approach. Semi-structured interviews with 20 critical care nurses were conducted in ten acute hospitals in mainland China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three themes emerged: (a) importance of family engagement; (b) influence of organisational factors, and (c) suggestions on implementation. The implementation of non-pharmacological delirium prevention practices was limited by a strict ICU visitation policy, lack of routine delirium screening and delirium training, light and noise disturbances during nighttime hours, frequent resuscitation and new admissions and strict visitation policy. Case-based training, adopting a sensory stimulation protocol, and family engagement may be enablers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ICU care routine that lacks delirium assessment and the strict family visitation policy made it challenging to implement the complete bundle of non-pharmacological practices. Resource deficiency (understaffing, lack of training) and ICU environment (frequent resuscitation) also limited the implementation of non-pharmacological practices. Clinicians could implement case-based training and sensory-stimulation programs and improve communication with family caregivers by instructing family caregivers to recognise delirium symptoms and delirium prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1661418274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Non-pharmacological delirium prevention practices among critical care nurses: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Surui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janita Pak Chun","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne Hoi Shan","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-013-9529-6","volume":"17","author":"F Svenaeus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Svenaeus F. Diagnosing mental disorders and saving the normal. Med Heal Care Philos. 2014;17(2):241\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-013-9529-6.","journal-title":"Med Heal Care Philos"},{"key":"1019_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(3):220\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.117131.","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.117131"},{"issue":"1","key":"1019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0102-9","volume":"9","author":"D Hipp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hipp D, Ely E. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of delirium in critically ill patients. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(1):158\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-011-0102-9.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208705","volume":"370","author":"M Reade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reade M, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(5):444\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1208705.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8011","key":"1019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2538","volume":"350","author":"J Salluh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salluh J, Wang H, Schneider E, et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350(8011):h2538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h2538.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","volume":"38","author":"T Girard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Girard T, Jackson J, Pandharipande P, et al. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(7):1513\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000727","volume":"43","author":"S Mehta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehta S, Cook D, Devlin JW, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):557\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000727.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f85759","volume":"38","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Riker R, Bokesch P, Wisemandle W, Shintani A, Ely E. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(12):2311\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f85759.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2015.01.001","volume":"31","author":"H Sakuramoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakuramoto H, Subrina J, Unoki T, Mizutani T, Komatsu H. Severity of delirium in the ICU is associated with short term cognitive impairment. A prospective cohort study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2015;31(4):250\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2015.01.001.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000119429.16055.92","volume":"32","author":"EB Milbrandt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(4):955\u201362. doi:00003246-200404000-00009.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102872","volume":"60","author":"LM Boehm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boehm LM, Pun BT, Stollings JL, et al. A multisite study of nurse-reported perceptions and practice of ABCDEF bundle components. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020;60:102872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102872.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a645bd","volume":"42","author":"EN Brummel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brummel EN, Jackson CJ, Pandharipande PP, et al. Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(2):369\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a645bd.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066614553925","volume":"31","author":"AW Collinsworth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collinsworth AW, Priest EL, Campbell CR, Vasilevskis EE, Masica AL. A review of multifaceted care approaches for the prevention and mitigation of delirium in intensive care units. J Intensive Care Med. 2016;31(2):127\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885066614553925.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","volume":"6","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, et al. Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2020;6(1):90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.10.004","volume":"34","author":"S Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang S, Chau JPC, Lo SHS, Zhao J, Choi KC. Effects of nonpharmacological delirium-prevention interventions on critically ill patients\u2019 clinical, psychological, and family outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Crit Care. 2021;34(4):378\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.10.004.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"1019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1111","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002640","volume":"45","author":"A Morandi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morandi A, Piva S, Wesley A, et al. Worldwide survey of the \u201cAssessing pain, both spontaneous awakening and breathing trials, choice of drugs, delirium monitoring\/management, early exercise\/mobility, and family empowerment\u201d (ABCDEF) bundle. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):e1111\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002640.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1019_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12597","volume":"26","author":"S Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang S, Chau JPC, Lo SHS, Li S, Gao M. Implementation of ABCDEF care bundle in intensive care units: a cross-sectional survey. Nurs Crit Care. 2021;26(5):386\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nicc.12597.","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"1019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2019.04.010","volume":"53","author":"S Bohart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bohart S, Ann MM, Suzanne FH. Do health care professionals worry about delirium? Relatives\u2019 experience of delirium in the intensive care unit: a qualitative interview study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2019;53:84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2019.04.010.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2015.01.014","volume":"2","author":"P Yue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yue P, Wang L, Liu C, Wu Y. A qualitative study on experience of nurses caring for patients with delirium in ICUs in China: barriers, burdens and decision making dilemmas. Int J Nurs Sci. 2015;2(1):2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnss.2015.01.014.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2013.02.002","volume":"29","author":"S Olausson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olausson S, Lindahl B, Ekebergh M. A phenomenological study of experiences of being cared for in a critical care setting: the meanings of the patient room as a place of care. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2013;29(4):234\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2013.02.002.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"1019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.06.008","volume":"43","author":"KD Olsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsen KD, Nester M, Hansen BS. Evaluating the past to improve the future \u2013 A qualitative study of ICU patients\u2019 experiences. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017;43:61\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.06.008.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"1019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.01.003","volume":"40","author":"K Zamoscik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zamoscik K, Godbold R, Freeman P. Intensive care nurses\u2019 experiences and perceptions of delirium and delirium care. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017;40:94\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.01.003.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2014.11.001","volume":"28","author":"EA Barber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barber EA, Everard T, Holland AE, Tipping C, Bradley SJ, Hodgson CL. Barriers and facilitators to early mobilisation in Intensive Care: a qualitative study. Aust Crit Care. 2015;28(4):183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2014.11.001.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.03.001","volume":"66","author":"DE Anekwe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anekwe DE, Milner SC, Bussi\u00e8res A, de Marchie M, Spahija J. Intensive care unit clinicians identify many barriers to, and facilitators of, early mobilisation: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. J Physiother. 2020;66(2):120\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.03.001.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2017485","volume":"37","author":"PL Smithburger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smithburger PL, Korenoski AS, Alexander SA, Kane-Gill SL. Perceptions of families of intensive care unit patients regarding involvement in delirium-prevention activities: A qualitative study. Crit Care Nurse. 2017;37(6):e1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2017485.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"6","key":"1019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Heal Care J Int Soc Qual Heal Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Heal Care J Int Soc Qual Heal Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140568","volume":"10","author":"XM Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma XM, Chen XH, Wang JS, et al. Evolving healthcare quality in top tertiary general hospitals in China during the China healthcare reform (2010\u20132012) from the perspective of inpatient mortality. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0140568\u2013e0140568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140568.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1019_CR29","unstructured":"Holloway I, Wheeler S. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 3. Aufl. Wiley-Blackwell; 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","volume":"52","author":"B Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quant. 2018;52(4):1893\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"1019_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.09.032","volume":"48","author":"J Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang J, Lee M, Ko H, et al. Effect of nonpharmacological interventions for the prevention of delirium in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2018;48:372\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.09.032.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1019_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-1447.2018.2017-0157","volume":"39","author":"S Lemos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lemos S, De OA, Rodrigues FV. Multiprofessional care for delirium patients in intensive care: integrative review. Rev Gauch Enferm. 2018;39(1):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1983-1447.2018.2017-0157.","journal-title":"Rev Gauch Enferm"},{"issue":"3","key":"1019_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.2123d.x","volume":"37","author":"L Calman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Calman L. NVivo CD-ROM QSR International, Australia, 2000. J Adv Nurs. 2002;37(3):312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.2123d.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000253","volume":"36","author":"BS Cypress","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cypress BS. Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Dimens Crit care Nurs. 2017;36(4):253\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000253.","journal-title":"Dimens Crit care Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1019_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0b013e31819aeff6","volume":"28","author":"LC Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin LC. Data management and security in qualitative research. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2009;28(3):132\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCC.0b013e31819aeff6.","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"1019_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000475292.27985.fc","volume":"115","author":"D Fraser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fraser D, Spiva L, Forman W, Hallen C. Implementation of an early mobility program in an ICU. Am J Nurs. 2015;115(12):49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000475292.27985.fc.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"1019_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000208","volume":"35","author":"L Boehm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boehm L, Vasilevskis EE, Mion LC. Interprofessional perspectives on ABCDE bundle implementation. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2016;35(6):339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000208.","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1019_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","volume":"41","author":"L Barr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barr L, Fraser W, Puntillo K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR39","first-page":"32","volume":"23","author":"T Olson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olson T. Delirium in the intensive care unit: Role of the critical care nurse in early detection and treatment. Dyn Off J Can Assoc Nurses. 2012;23(4):32\u20136.","journal-title":"Dyn Off J Can Assoc Nurses"},{"issue":"6","key":"1019_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2014.06.004","volume":"30","author":"SR Elliott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elliott SR. ICU delirium: a survey into nursing and medical staff knowledge of current practices and perceived barriers towards ICU delirium in the intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014;30(6):333\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2014.06.004.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"1019_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-2099CI","volume":"191","author":"M Pisani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pisani M, Friese R, Gehlbach B, Schwab R, Weinhouse G, Jones S. Sleep in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(7):731\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201411-2099CI.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1019_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2019.03.006","volume":"53","author":"E Mattiussi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattiussi E, Danielis M, Venuti L, Vidoni M, Palese A. Sleep deprivation determinants as perceived by intensive care unit patients: Findings from a systematic review, meta-summary and meta-synthesis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2019;53:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2019.03.006.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"1019_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.001","volume":"81","author":"JGM Hofhuis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofhuis JGM, Rose L, Blackwood B, et al. Clinical practices to promote sleep in the ICU: a multinational survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;81:107\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.001.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"1019_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12607","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12607","volume":"27","author":"H Locihov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Locihov\u00e1 H, Axmann K, Pady\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1 H, Fejfar J. Effect of the use of earplugs and eye mask on the quality of sleep in intensive care patients: a systematic review. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(3):e12607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12607.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1019_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2018.11.010","volume":"51","author":"N Pagnucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pagnucci N, Tolotti A, Cadorin L, Valcarenghi D, Forfori F. Promoting nighttime sleep in the intensive care unit: alternative strategies in nursing. Intensive Crit care Nurs. 2019;51:73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2018.11.010.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit care Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"1019_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008808","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858","volume":"2015","author":"RF Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu RF, Jiang XY, Chen J, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(10):CD008808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1019_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.814102","volume":"18","author":"S Halloway","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halloway S. A family approach to delirium: a review of the literature. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18(2):129\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2013.814102.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"1019_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"03","author":"X Gan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan X, Cao Y, Shi Z, Long Y, Hu Q. Application of family participatory nursing in prevention of delirium among ICU patients. J Qilu Nurs. 2017;03:1\u20133.","journal-title":"J Qilu Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"1019_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003402","volume":"46","author":"K Krewulak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krewulak K, Stelfox H, Leigh Parsons J, Ely Wesley E, Fiest K. Incidence and prevalence of delirium subtypes in an adult ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):2029\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003402.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1019_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2016.08.009","volume":"41","author":"A Birge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birge A, Aydin H. The effect of nonpharmacological training on delirium identification and intervention strategies of intensive care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2017;41:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2016.08.009.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03400.x","volume":"50","author":"J Alasad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alasad J, Ahmad M. Communication with critically ill patients. J Adv Nurs. 2005;50(4):356\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03400.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1019_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4629-4","volume":"43","author":"CE Ijssennagger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ijssennagger CE, Ten Hoorn S, Girbes AR, Tuinman PR. A new speech enhancement device for critically ill patients with communication problems: a prospective feasibility study. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):460\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-016-4629-4.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"1019_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02373.x","volume":"17","author":"EH Finke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finke EH, Light J, Kitko L. A systematic review of the effectiveness of nurse communication with patients with complex communication needs with a focus on the use of augmentative and alternative communication. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(16):2102\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02373.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12288","volume":"22","author":"T Mailhot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mailhot T, Cossette S, C\u00f4t\u00e9 J, et al. A post cardiac surgery intervention to manage delirium involving families: a randomized pilot study. Nurs Crit Care. 2017;22(4):221\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nicc.12288.","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1019_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2017.05.002","volume":"46","author":"C Munro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munro C, Cairns P, Ji M, Calero K, Anderson W, Liang Z. Delirium prevention in critically ill adults through an automated reorientation intervention \u2013 A pilot randomized controlled trial. Hear Lung - J Acute Crit Care. 2017;46(4):234\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2017.05.002.","journal-title":"Hear Lung - J Acute Crit Care"},{"key":"1019_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.01.001","volume":"40","author":"ML Mitchell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchell ML, Kean S, Rattray JE, et al. A family intervention to reduce delirium in hospitalised ICU patients: a feasibility randomised controlled trial. Intensive Crit care Nurs. 2017;40:77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.01.001.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit care Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T09:10:37Z","timestamp":1661418637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-022-01019-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study followed the International Conference on Harmonization\u2014Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) and the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Chinese University of Hong Kong Survey and Behavioural Research Ethics committee (SBRE-18\u2013674). Participation was informed and consensual, and written informed consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors are satisfied and consent to submit to this journal for publication consideration. All the authors have agreed to the final contents for publication and contributed substantially to the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We declare that this manuscript is an original research and has never been submitted to any journal nor is it intended to be submitted to another one. All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"235"}}