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However, there are many risk problems in the process of nurse service, which hinder the development of the service, and a scale is needed to assess the risk problems faced by nurses in \u201cInternet\u2009+\u2009nursing services\u201d for the elderly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study is to develop an assessment scale for risk factors and outcomes related to nurses\u2019 involvement in the \u201cInternet\u2009+\u2009Nursing Service\u201d for the elderly and to assess its reliability and validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on literature analysis, focus group, the Delphi method, and a presurvey, we designed an initial scale. The initial scale comprised two sections: risk factors and risk outcomes for nurses. In January and February of 2023, nurses engaged in \u201cInternet\u2009+\u2009nursing services\u201d for the elderly in Shanxi Province were chosen through a convenience sampling technique for a questionnaire survey. Subsequently, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were employed to refine and develop a test version of the scale further. A follow-up questionnaire survey was carried out in March and April 2023 using a similar approach. The reliability and validity of the scale were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis, culminating in the formation of the final scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The initial survey yielded 244 valid responses. The cumulative variance contributions of the two segments from the exploratory factor analysis were 84.584% and 90.089%, respectively. A subsequent survey garnered 220 valid responses. The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated: \u03c72\/df\u2009=\u20092.086, comparative fit index (CFI)\u2009=\u20090.918, normative fit index (NLI)\u2009=\u20090.855, root mean square of residuals (RMR)\u2009=\u20090.045, and root mean square of error of approximation (RMSEA)\u2009=\u20090.070. These results demonstrate good structural, convergent, and discriminant validity. The content validity index at the item level (I-CVI) ranged between 0.875 and 1.000, while the content validity index at the scale level (S-CVI\/Ave) was 0.941. Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficient for the entire scale stood at 0.970. Moreover, the scale exhibited a split-half reliability of 0.876 and a retest reliability of 0.980 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk factors and risk outcomes associated with nurses involved in \u201cInternet\u2009+\u2009nursing services\u201d for elderly individuals, as developed in this study,\u00a0demonstrate strong reliability and validity. They are well suited to the Chinese national context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01698-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T23:46:13Z","timestamp":1705621573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development and reliability testing of a risk factor and risk outcome assessment scale for nurses in \u201cinternet\u2009+\u2009nursing services\u201d for the elderly"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"1698_CR1","first-page":"36","volume":"28","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Tang L, Lu QY. 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