{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:51:02Z","timestamp":1790016662064,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei key laboratory opening project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["2022KFH002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFH002"]}]},{"name":"Hubei key laboratory opening project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["2022KFH002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFH002"]}]},{"name":"Hubei key laboratory opening project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["2022KFH002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFH002"]}]},{"name":"Hubei key laboratory opening project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["2022KFH002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFH002"]}]},{"name":"general project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["WJ2021M150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M150"]}]},{"name":"general project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["WJ2021M150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M150"]}]},{"name":"general project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["WJ2021M150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M150"]}]},{"name":"general project of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["WJ2021M150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Respiratory nurses faced tremendous challenges when the Omicron variant spread rapidly in China from late 2022 to early 2023. An in-depth understanding of respiratory nurses\u2019 experiences during challenging times can help to develop better management and support strategies. The present study was conducted to explore and describe the work experiences of nurses working in the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) during the Omicron outbreak in China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study utilized a descriptive phenomenological method. Between January 9 and 22, 2023, semistructured and individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 respiratory nurses at a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, Hubei Province. A purposive sampling method was used to select the participants, and the sample size was determined based on data saturation. The data analysis was carried out using Colaizzi\u2019s method.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three themes with ten subthemes emerged: (a) multiple stressors (intense workload due to high variability in COVID patients; worry about not having enough ability and energy to care for critically ill patients; fighting for anxious clients, colleagues, and selves); (b) mixed emotions (feelings of loss and responsibility; feelings of frustration and achievement; feelings of nervousness and security); and (c) a perceived social support system (team cohesion; family support; head nurse leadership; and the impact of social media).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nursing managers should be attentive to frontline nurses\u2019 needs and occupational stress during novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks. Management should strengthen psychological and social support systems, optimize nursing leadership styles, and proactively consider the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and products in clinical care to improve the ability of nurses to effectively respond to future public health crises.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T06:01:47Z","timestamp":1711000907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stressors, emotions, and social support systems among respiratory nurses during the Omicron outbreak in China: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyan","family":"Xianyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1856_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - Feb 1. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---1-february-2023. Accessed 2 Feb 2023."},{"key":"1856_CR2","unstructured":"Joint COVID-19 Prevention and Control Mechanism of State Council. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 (10th edition). http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/zhengcwj\/202301\/bdc1ff75feb94934ae1dade176d30936.shtml. Accessed 2 Feb 2023."},{"key":"1856_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. TAG-VE statement on the meeting of Jan 3 on the COVID-19 situation in China. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04-01-2023-tag-ve-statement-on-the-3rd-january-meeting-on-the-covid-19-situation-in-china. Accessed 2 Feb 2023."},{"key":"1856_CR4","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Transcript of the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism press conference on Jan 14, 2023. http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/yqfkdt\/202301\/a68301ee500b436b989ec5be2a35cad2.shtml. Accessed 2 Feb 2023."},{"key":"1856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048358","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1048358","volume":"10","author":"L Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu L, Chang J, Wang J, Feng P, Xu H. Stress load of Chinese nurses in Fangcang Shelter Hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent profile analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;10:1048358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1048358.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985702","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.985702","volume":"10","author":"N Podgorica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Podgorica N, Zenzmaier C, Rungg C, Bertini B, Perkhofer S. Facing the unknown COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with nurses and nursing assistants in three European countries. Front Public Health. 2022;10:985702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.985702.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110343","volume":"141","author":"M Al Maqbali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Maqbali M, Al Sinani M, Al-Lenjawi B. Prevalence of stress, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2021;141:110343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110343.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13148","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13148","volume":"29","author":"Z Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan Z, Wang J, Feng F, Jin M, Xie W, He H, et al. The levels and related factors of mental workload among nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Pract. 2023;29(5):e13148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.13148.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"1856_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15690","volume":"79","author":"G Doleman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doleman G, De Leo A, Bloxsome D. The impact of pandemics on healthcare providers\u2019 workloads: a scoping review. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(12):4434\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15690.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15467","volume":"79","author":"A Slettmyr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slettmyr A, Arman M, Andermo S, Malmberg C, H\u00e4llstr\u00f6m \u00c5, Hugelius K, et al. Intensive care nurses\u2019 lived experience of altruism and sacrifices during the Covid-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(1):244\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15467.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"1856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103637","volume":"111","author":"R Fernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandez R, Lord H, Halcomb E, Moxham L, Middleton R, Alananzeh I, et al. Implications for COVID-19: a systematic review of nurses\u2019 experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;111:103637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103637.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"1856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep11040075","volume":"11","author":"R Falatah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Falatah R. The impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic on nurses\u2019 turnover intention: an integrative review. Nurs Rep. 2021;11(4):787\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep11040075.","journal-title":"Nurs Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-00831-3","volume":"21","author":"Z Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan Z, Lian M, Ma H, Cai Z, Xianyu Y. Factors associated with burnout among Chinese nurses during COVID-19 epidemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2022;21(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-022-00831-3.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39638-4","volume":"14","author":"EE Goldberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goldberg EE, Lin Q, Romero-Severson EO, Ke R. Swift and extensive Omicron outbreak in China after sudden exit from \u2018zero-COVID\u2019 policy. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39638-4.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233339361774228","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393617742282","volume":"4","author":"C Bradshaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradshaw C, Atkinson S, Doody O. Employing a qualitative description Approach in Health Care Research. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2017;4:2333393617742282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333393617742282.","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","volume":"89","author":"BC O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"1856_CR17","volume-title":"Existential-phenomenological Alternatives for psychology","author":"P Colaizzi","year":"1978","unstructured":"Colaizzi P. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In: Vale RS, KingM, editors. Existential-phenomenological Alternatives for psychology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1978."},{"key":"1856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.1427","volume":"30","author":"YS Lincoln","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lincoln YS, Guba EG. But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Dir Program Evaluation. 1986;30:73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ev.1427.","journal-title":"New Dir Program Evaluation"},{"key":"1856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043515","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1043515","volume":"10","author":"C Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding C, Wang L, Guo Z, Chen Y, Jin J. Psychological care needs for frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1043515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1043515.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13477","volume":"30","author":"H Ho\u015fg\u00f6r","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho\u015fg\u00f6r H, Yaman M. Investigation of the relationship between psychological resilience and job performance in Turkish nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic in terms of descriptive characteristics. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(1):44\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jonm.13477.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"1856_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1944653","volume":"27","author":"YJ Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen YJ, Wei L, Li Q, Li LQ, Zhang XH. Mental health and social support among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Health Med. 2022;27(2):444\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548506.2021.1944653.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13761","volume":"30","author":"KF Thobane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thobane KF, Mulaudzi FM, Moagi MM. Improvement of the psychosocial support for frontline nurses in public hospitals during COVID-19 pandemic. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(7):2461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jonm.13761.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"1856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13040","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13040","volume":"28","author":"M Niinihuhta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niinihuhta M, H\u00e4ggman-Laitila A. A systematic review of the relationships between nurse leaders\u2019 leadership styles and nurses\u2019 work-related well-being. Int J Nurs Pract. 2022;28(5):e13040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.13040.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"1856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.016","volume":"85","author":"GG Cummings","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cummings GG, Tate K, Lee S, Wong CA, Paananen T, Micaroni SPM, et al. Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;85:19\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.016.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"1856_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13640","volume":"30","author":"S Sihvola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sihvola S, Kvist T, Nurmeksela A. Nurse leaders\u2019 resilience and their role in supporting nurses\u2019 resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(6):1869\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jonm.13640.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"1856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1100172","volume":"13","author":"D Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng D, Wang B, Chen W. Inclusive leadership can improve nurses\u2019 psychological ownership and reduce their turnover intention under the normalization of COVID-19 prevention. Front Psychol. 2023;13:1100172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1100172.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X211011825","volume":"29","author":"N Kagiyama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kagiyama N, Hiki M, Matsue Y, Dohi T, Matsuzawa W, Daida H, et al. Validation of telemedicine-based self-assessment of vital signs for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. J Telemed Telecare. 2023;29(8):600\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633X211011825.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"1856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106364","volume":"210","author":"T Mairittha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mairittha T, Mairittha N, Inoue S. Integrating a spoken dialogue system, nursing records, and activity data collection based on smartphones. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2021;210:106364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106364.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"10","key":"1856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/CIN.0000000000000943","volume":"40","author":"J Alderden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alderden J, Kennerly SM, Wilson A, Dimas J, McFarland C, Yap DY, et al. Explainable artificial intelligence for predicting hospital-acquired pressure injuries in COVID-19-positive critical care patients. Comput Inf Nurs. 2022;40(10):659\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CIN.0000000000000943.","journal-title":"Comput Inf Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23939","DOI":"10.2196\/23939","volume":"3","author":"C Buchanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchanan C, Howitt ML, Wilson R, Booth RG, Risling T, Bamford M. Predicted influences of Artificial Intelligence on the domains of nursing: scoping review. JMIR Nurs. 2020;3(1):e23939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23939.","journal-title":"JMIR Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T06:02:31Z","timestamp":1711000951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01856-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the research and ethics committees of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Approval NO: WDRY2023-K031). Before the interviews, all participants were verbally explained the details of the study, expected risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time, and written informed consents were obtained. All the methods and procedures in this study are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"188"}}