{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T23:47:49Z","timestamp":1794354469872,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial College Students Scientific and Technological Innovation Activities-Zhejiang Xinmiao Talents Program","award":["2023R462028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R462028"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72174061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72174061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council foundation","award":["202308330251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202308330251"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Delirium is a common disorder affecting patients\u2019 psychiatric illness, characterized by a high rate of underdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and high risks. However, previous studies frequently excluded patients with psychiatric illness, leading to limited knowledge about risk factors and optimal assessment tools for delirium in psychiatric settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The scoping review was carried out to (1) identify the risk factors associated with delirium in patients with psychiatric illness; (2) synthesize the performance of assessment tools for detecting delirium in patients with psychiatric illness in psychiatric settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched to identify primary studies on delirium in psychiatric settings from inception to Dec 2023 inclusive. Two independent reviewers screened eligible studies against inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A final set of 36 articles meeting the inclusion criteria, two main themes were extracted: risk factors associated with delirium in patients with psychiatric illness and assessment tools for detecting delirium in psychiatric settings. The risk factors associated with delirium primarily included advanced age, physical comorbid, types of psychiatric illness, antipsychotics, anticholinergic drug, Electroconvulsive therapy, and the combination of lithium and Electroconvulsive therapy. Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98, Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale, and Delirium Diagnostic Tool-Provisional might be valuable for delirium assessment in patients with psychiatric illness in psychiatric settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Delirium diagnosis in psychiatric settings is complex due to the overlapping clinical manifestations between psychiatric illness and delirium, as well as their potential co-occurrence. It is imperative to understand the risk factors and assessment methods related to delirium in this population to address diagnostic delays, establish effective prevention and screening strategies. Future research should focus on designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions that target modifiable risk factors, to prevent and manage delirium in patients with psychiatric illness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:01:51Z","timestamp":1720436511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Delirium in psychiatric settings: risk factors and assessment tools in patients with psychiatric illness: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuqin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2121_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR\u00ae) [M]. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5413","volume":"36","author":"D Quispel-Aggenbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quispel-Aggenbach D, van Schep-de RE W, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of delirium in psychogeriatric outpatients[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(1):190\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2121_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.47.7.727","volume":"47","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ritchie J, Steiner W, Abrahamowicz M. Incidence of and risk factors for delirium among psychiatric inpatients[J]. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47(7):727\u201330.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycom.2023.100108","volume":"3","author":"L Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren L, Ren L. Prevalence and risk factors of delirium in psychiatric patients with critical illness[J]. Psychiatry Res Commun. 2023;3(2):100108.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.10.005","volume":"32","author":"BA Ola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ola BA, Crabb J, Krishnadas R, et al. Incidence and correlates of delirium in a west African mental health clinic[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(2):176\u201381.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2121_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12244","volume":"17","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Maeda K, Osaki T, et al. Admission of people with dementia to psychiatric hospitals in Japan: factors that can shorten their hospitalizations[J]. Psychogeriatrics. 2017;17(6):341\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03210-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Shao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shao Y, Xu H, Wang J, et al. Agitation and apathy increase risk of dementia in psychiatric inpatients with late-onset psychiatric symptoms[J]. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):214.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-018-1858-2","volume":"188","author":"A Daly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daly A, Walsh D. Dementia-a major public health problem: the role of in-patient psychiatric facilities[J]. Ir J Med Sci. 2019;188(2):641\u20137.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.2.199","volume":"10","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Mulsant BH, Dew MA, et al. Is delirium different when it occurs in dementia? A study using the delirium rating scale[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(2):199\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2121_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001191","volume":"25","author":"N Hasegawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasegawa N, Hashimoto M, Yuuki S, et al. Prevalence of delirium among outpatients with dementia[J]. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(11):1877\u201383.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.12.084","volume":"15","author":"A Morandi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morandi A, Davis D, Fick DM, et al. Delirium superimposed on dementia strongly predicts worse outcomes in older rehabilitation inpatients[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(5):349\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.06.003","volume":"77","author":"AS Lundberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lundberg AS, Gustafsson LN, Meagher D, et al. Delirium during psychiatric admission increases mortality in psychiatric patients during and after hospitalization. A nationwide study from 1995 through 2012[J]. J Psychosom Res. 2014;77(3):226\u201331.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-5005-1","volume":"20","author":"C Hercus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hercus C, Hudaib AR. Delirium misdiagnosis risk in psychiatry: a machine learning-logistic regression predictive algorithm[J]. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):151.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2121_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6046","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6046","volume":"38","author":"MA Oldham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oldham MA, Weber MT. The phenotype of delirium based on a close reading of diagnostic criteria[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;38(12):e6046.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2023.02.005","volume":"64","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Franco JG. Invited Commentary: conflation of Delirium and Coma as Acute Encephalopathy[J]. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2023;64(3):262\u20136.","journal-title":"J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.2019.e11361","volume":"35","author":"KH Dening","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dening KH. Differentiating between dementia, delirium and depression in older people[J]. Nurs Stand. 2019;35(1):43\u201350.","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2121_CR17","first-page":"347","volume":"12","author":"N Edwards","year":"2003","unstructured":"Edwards N. Differentiating the three D\u2019s: delirium, dementia, and depression[J]. Medsurg Nurs. 2003;12(6):347\u201357.","journal-title":"Medsurg Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00004650-200505000-00004","volume":"19","author":"E Arnold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arnold E. Sorting out the 3D\u2019s: delirium, dementia, depression: learn how to sift through overlapping signs and symptoms so you can help improve an older patient\u2019s quality of life[J]. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005;19(3):99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Holist Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2121_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0365-4","volume":"15","author":"LJ Downing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Downing LJ, Caprio TV, Lyness JM. Geriatric psychiatry review: differential diagnosis and treatment of the 3 D\u2019s-delirium, dementia, and depression[J]. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(6):365.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20120316","volume":"33","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Andrews P, Ainsworth A, et al. Pseudodelirium: Psychiatric conditions to consider on the Differential for Delirium[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;33(4):356\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2121_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002642","volume":"45","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Carlson R, Duggan MC, et al. Delirium and Catatonia in critically ill patients: the Delirium and Catatonia prospective cohort Investigation[J]. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):1837\u201344.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2121_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12168","volume":"68","author":"S Grover","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grover S, Ghosh A, Ghormode D. Do patients of delirium have catatonic features? An exploratory study[J]. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(8):644\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02557-w","volume":"22","author":"T Wiegand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wiegand T, Remi J, Dimitriadis K. Electroencephalography in delirium assessment: a scoping review[J]. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):86.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.2.185","volume":"20","author":"D Meagher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meagher D, Moran M, Raju B, et al. A new data-based motor subtype schema for delirium[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;20(2):185\u201393.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.24","volume":"5","author":"TG Fong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK. Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment[J]. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(4):210\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260802675460","volume":"21","author":"D Meagher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meagher D. Motor subtypes of delirium: past, present and future[J]. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21(1):59\u201373.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2121_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.06.001","volume":"71","author":"DJ Meagher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meagher DJ, Leonard M, Donnelly S, et al. A longitudinal study of motor subtypes in delirium: relationship with other phenomenology, etiology, medication exposure and prognosis[J]. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(6):395\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.04.010","volume":"73","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Franco JG, Meagher DJ, et al. Phenotype of subsyndromal delirium using pooled multicultural Delirium Rating scale\u2013Revised-98 data[J]. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73(1):10\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.095273","volume":"200","author":"D Meagher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meagher D, Adamis D, Trzepacz P, et al. Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium[J]. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(1):37\u201344.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9920","key":"2121_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people[J]. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.09.008","volume":"23","author":"Q Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han Q, Rodrigues NG, Klainin-Yobas P, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of Delirium on hospitalized older adults with dementia: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2022;23(1):23\u201332.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","volume":"6","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, et al. Delirium[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):90.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"10","key":"2121_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01792-4","volume":"33","author":"A Zucchelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zucchelli A, Apuzzo R, Paolillo C, et al. Development and validation of a delirium risk assessment tool in older patients admitted to the Emergency Department Observation Unit[J]. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(10):2753\u20138.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2121_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw130","volume":"45","author":"K Hendry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hendry K, Quinn TJ, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of delirium screening tools in geriatric medical inpatients: a diagnostic test accuracy study[J]. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):832\u20137.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework[J]. Int J Soc Res Method. 2005;8(1):19\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Method"},{"issue":"7","key":"2121_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation[J]. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600208","volume":"46","author":"SB Patten","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patten SB, Williams JV, Petcu R, et al. Delirium in psychiatric inpatients: a case-control study[J]. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(2):162\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13480","volume":"147","author":"Y Bauernfreund","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bauernfreund Y, Launders N, Favarato G, et al. Incidence and associations of hospital delirium diagnoses in 85,979 people with severe mental illness: a data linkage study[J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023;147(5):516\u201326.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR39","first-page":"693","volume":"59","author":"BJ Barra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barra BJ, Barahona M, Varela LF, et al. A cross-sectional, retrospective, and comparative study between Delirium and Non-delirium Psychiatric Disorders in a Psychogeriatric Inpatient Population referred to Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Unit [J]. Med (Kaunas). 2023;59(4):693.","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.12788\/acp.0107","volume":"35","author":"NA Youssef","year":"2023","unstructured":"Youssef NA, Madangarli N, Bachu A, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy plus lithium is associated with less cognitive impairment and drug-induced delirium in bipolar depression compared to unipolar depression[J]. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2023;35(2):103\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00971.x","volume":"52","author":"SC Huang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huang SC, Tsai SJ, Chan CH, et al. Characteristics and outcome of delirium in psychiatric inpatients[J]. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(1):47\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879000300404","volume":"3","author":"J Manepalli","year":"1990","unstructured":"Manepalli J, Grossberg GT, Mueller C. Prevalence of delirium and urinary tract infection in a psychogeriatric unit[J]. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1990;3(4):198\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.12.001","volume":"109","author":"R Karmacharya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karmacharya R, England ML, Ongur D. Delirious mania: clinical features and treatment response[J]. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(3):312\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.05.003","volume":"34","author":"J Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang J, Choi W, Ko YH, et al. Bright light therapy as an adjunctive treatment with risperidone in patients with delirium: a randomized, open, parallel group study[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(5):546\u201351.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR45","first-page":"77","volume":"53","author":"H Suzuki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Kuroda S, Ishizu H, et al. Delirium in elderly patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital: causative factors and treatment[J]. Acta Med Okayama. 1999;53(2):77\u201380.","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.02.013","volume":"21","author":"A Morandi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morandi A, Zambon A, Di Santo SG, et al. Understanding factors Associated with Psychomotor subtypes of Delirium in Older inpatients with Dementia[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(4):486\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12202","volume":"17","author":"SP Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma SP, Tsai CJ, Chang CC, et al. Delirium associated with concomitant use of duloxetine and bupropion in an elderly patient[J]. Psychogeriatrics. 2017;17(2):130\u20132.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2121_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac005","volume":"25","author":"ME Friedrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedrich ME, Grohmann R, Rabl U, et al. Incidence of Drug-Induced Delirium during Treatment with antidepressants or antipsychotics: a drug Surveillance Report of german-speaking countries between 1993 and 2016[J]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;25(7):556\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2121_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379704200809","volume":"42","author":"SB Patten","year":"1997","unstructured":"Patten SB, Williams JV, Haynes L, et al. The incidence of delirium in psychiatric inpatient units[J]. Can J Psychiatry. 1997;42(8):858\u201363.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2121_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lertxundi U, Palacios RH, Gutierrez FC, et al. Levofloxacin-Induced Delirium in a patient suffering from schizoaffective disorder and multiple Sclerosis[J]. Curr Drug Saf; 2013.","DOI":"10.2174\/15748863113089990043"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.4.405","volume":"3","author":"GS Figiel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Figiel GS, Hassen MA, Zorumski C, et al. ECT-induced delirium in depressed patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;3(4):405\u201311.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012","volume":"13","author":"RS Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel RS, Bachu A, Youssef NA. Combination of lithium and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with higher odds of delirium and cognitive problems in a large national sample across the United States[J]. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(1):15\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2121_CR53","first-page":"9117292","volume":"2023","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali M, Malathesh BC, Chatterjee SS, et al. Delirium with concurrent use of Lithium and ECT and the Safety implications: Case Reports and Review of the Literature[J]. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2023;2023:9117292.","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(88)90037-6","volume":"23","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse J. A symptom rating scale for delirium[J]. Psychiatry Res. 1988;23(1):89\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.6.1.30","volume":"6","author":"J Rosen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosen J, Sweet R, Mulsant B, et al. The Delirium Rating Scale in a psychogeriatric inpatient setting[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;6(1):30\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.13.2.229","volume":"13","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, et al. Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(2):229\u201342.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2121_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.023911","volume":"190","author":"DJ Meagher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meagher DJ, Moran M, Raju B, et al. Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardised measures[J]. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:135\u201341.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.1.30","volume":"8","author":"Y Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee Y, Ryu J, Lee J, et al. Korean version of the delirium rating scale-revised-98: reliability and validity[J]. Psychiatry Investig. 2011;8(1):30\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1906","volume":"23","author":"DP de Negreiros","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Negreiros DP, Da SMA, Furlanetto LM, et al. Portuguese version of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98: reliability and validity[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(5):472\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500111","volume":"45","author":"SL Baranowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baranowski SL, Patten SB. The predictive value of dysgraphia and constructional apraxia for delirium in psychiatric inpatients[J]. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45(1):75\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2121_CR61","first-page":"314","volume":"48","author":"EL Teng","year":"1987","unstructured":"Teng EL, Chui HC. The modified Mini-mental State (3MS) examination[J]. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48(8):314\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(00)00121-3","volume":"23","author":"Y Matsuoka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsuoka Y, Miyake Y, Arakaki H, et al. Clinical utility and validation of the Japanese version of Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale in a psychogeriatric inpatient setting[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001;23(1):36\u201340.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2121_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2022.0151","volume":"19","author":"KM Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim KM, Shim MS, Yi D, et al. Validation of the Korean Version of the Delirium Diagnostic Tool-Provisional (K-DDT-Pro)[J]. Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(9):748\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"2121_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.10.003","volume":"67","author":"JG Franco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Sep\u00falveda E, et al. Delirium diagnostic tool-provisional (DDT-Pro) scores in delirium, subsyndromal delirium and no delirium[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;67:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v10.i4.46","volume":"10","author":"DJ Meagher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meagher DJ, O\u2019Connell H, Leonard M, et al. Comparison of novel tools with traditional cognitive tests in detecting delirium in elderly medical patients[J]. World J Psychiatry. 2020;10(4):46\u201358.","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0612-9","volume":"36","author":"L Pasina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasina L, Colzani L, Cortesi L, et al. Relation between Delirium and Anticholinergic Drug Burden in a cohort of hospitalized older patients: an observational Study[J]. Drugs Aging. 2019;36(1):85\u201391.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12064","volume":"16","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang P, Velagapudi R, Kong C, et al. Neurovascular and immune mechanisms that regulate postoperative delirium superimposed on dementia[J]. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(5):734\u201349.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"26","key":"2121_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808217","volume":"379","author":"TD Girard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girard TD, Exline MC, Carson SS, et al. Haloperidol and Ziprasidone for treatment of Delirium in critical Illness[J]. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(26):2506\u201316.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2121_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2022.000066","volume":"61","author":"D Bishara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull[J]. 2023;61(9):135\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Ther Bull[J]"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04552-y","volume":"23","author":"C Haddad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, et al. Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia[J]. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):61.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000395","volume":"12","author":"D Hui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hui D. Benzodiazepines for agitation in patients with delirium: selecting the right patient, right time, and right indication[J]. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2018;12(4):489\u201394.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70263-9","volume":"1","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Marcantonio ER, Metzger ED. Doing damage in Delirium: the hazards of Antipsychotic Treatment in Elderly persons [J]. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):312\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9200","volume":"14","author":"Z Qassem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qassem Z, Milbrandt EB. Clearing up the confusion: the results of two pilot studies of antipsychotics for ICU delirium[J]. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):316.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2121_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy058","volume":"47","author":"DWP Quispel-Aggenbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quispel-Aggenbach DWP, Holtman GA, Zwartjes HAHT, et al. Attention, arousal and other rapid bedside screening instruments for delirium in older patients: a systematic review of test accuracy studies[J]. Age Ageing. 2018;47(5):644\u201353.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"11","key":"2121_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2807","volume":"43","author":"MJ Ankravs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ankravs MJ, McKenzie CA, Kenes MT. Precision-based approaches to delirium in critical illness: a narrative review[J]. Pharmacotherapy. 2023;43(11):1139\u201353.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2121_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.09.001","volume":"67","author":"I Maeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maeda I, Ogawa A, Yoshiuchi K, et al. Safety and effectiveness of antipsychotic medication for delirium in patients with advanced cancer: a large-scale multicenter prospective observational study in real-world palliative care settings[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;67:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.03.004","volume":"55","author":"IM Reti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reti IM, Krishnan A, Podlisky A, et al. Predictors of electroconvulsive therapy postictal delirium[J]. Psychosomatics. 2014;55(3):272\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000606","volume":"35","author":"T Tsujii","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsujii T, Uchida T, Suzuki T, et al. Factors Associated with Delirium following electroconvulsive therapy: a systematic Review[J]. J ECT. 2019;35(4):279\u201387.","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"issue":"2","key":"2121_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.03.001","volume":"1","author":"HA Sackeim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS, et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy[J]. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(2):71\u201383.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"8","key":"2121_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1670","volume":"74","author":"HA Sackeim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sackeim HA. Modern electroconvulsive therapy: vastly improved yet greatly Underused[J]. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(8):779\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2121_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.008","volume":"67","author":"SR Beach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beach SR, Gross AF, Hartney KE, et al. Intravenous haloperidol: a systematic review of side effects and recommendations for clinical use[J]. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;67:42\u201350.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2121_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11466","volume":"318","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Humanizing the treatment of hyperactive delirium in the last days of Life[J]. JAMA. 2017;318(11):1014\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2121_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezzi ES, Greaves D, Boord MS et al. How do predisposing factors differ between delirium motor subtypes? A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Age Ageing, 2022,51(9).","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac200"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03931-3","volume":"26","author":"KN la Cour","year":"2022","unstructured":"la Cour KN, Andersen-Ranberg NC, Weihe S, et al. Distribution of delirium motor subtypes in the intensive care unit: a systematic scoping review[J]. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):53.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2121_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.02.029","volume":"22","author":"A Morandi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morandi A, Grossi E, Lucchi E, et al. The 4-DSD: a New Tool to assess Delirium superimposed on moderate to severe Dementia[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(7):1535\u201342.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2121_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha P, Fick DM. Recognition of Delirium superimposed on dementia: is there an Ideal Tool?[J]. Geriatr (Basel), 2023,8(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics8010022"},{"issue":"7","key":"2121_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5508","volume":"36","author":"JV Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira JV, Aung TM, Nitchingham A, et al. Delirium in older adults is associated with development of new dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(7):993\u20131003.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2121_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa244","volume":"50","author":"SJ Richardson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richardson SJ, Davis D, Stephan B, et al. Recurrent delirium over 12 months predicts dementia: results of the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study[J]. Age Ageing. 2021;50(3):914\u201320.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2121_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70281-0","volume":"1","author":"R O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan R, Inouye SK, Meagher D. Delirium and depression: inter-relationship and clinical overlap in elderly people[J]. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):303\u201311.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR90","first-page":"e21662","volume":"14","author":"A Lesko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lesko A, Kalafat N, Enoh K, et al. The importance of diagnosing concomitant delirium and catatonia: a Case Report[J]. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e21662.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2121_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waszynski C, Kessler J, Chhabra J et al. Nurses\u2019 Knowledge, Confidence, Detection and Actions Related to Delirium Care in the Post-Acute Setting[J]. Delirium Communications, 2024.","DOI":"10.56392\/001c.92213"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/aip.aip_134_21","volume":"6","author":"S Grover","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grover S, Mehra A, Sharma N, et al. Knowledge and attitude of nurses toward delirium[J]. Ann Indian Psychiatry. 2022;6(1):73.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"2121_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03849.x","volume":"20","author":"J Day","year":"2011","unstructured":"Day J, Higgins I, Keatinge D. Orientation strategies during delirium: are they helpful?[J]. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(23\u201324):3285\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2121_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02520-3","volume":"21","author":"A Kojaie-Bidgoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kojaie-Bidgoli A, Sharifi F, Maghsoud F, et al. The Modified Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) in geriatric hospitalized patients in internal wards: a double-blind randomized control trial[J]. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):599.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:03:49Z","timestamp":1720436629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02121-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"464"}}