{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:14:37Z","timestamp":1789593277316,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024743","name":"Suez Canal University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a serious complication associated with increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and long-term cognitive decline. Early detection through standardized assessment tools is critical to improving patient outcomes. This study evaluated the effect of an educational training program on ICU nurses\u2019 self-reported knowledge, perceived self-confidence, and comfort levels in using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU), as well as their observed performance in delirium assessment and documentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi-experimental single-group pretest-posttest design was conducted with 50 ICU nurses in an Egyptian ICU. Participants received a four-week educational program on delirium and CAM-ICU use. Knowledge, confidence, and comfort levels were measured before and after training using validated questionnaires. Post-training performance was assessed using an observational checklist evaluating assessment accuracy, documentation completeness, and consistency. Paired t-test was used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ICU nurses\u2019 knowledge and confidence in using the CAM-ICU significantly improved after training (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Post-training, assessment accuracy (95.5%) and documentation completeness (91.3%) were high, while practice consistency (79%) met the satisfactory threshold (\u2265\u200975%), indicating satisfactory performance in delirium assessment and documentation using CAM-ICU.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The educational training significantly improved ICU nurses\u2019 knowledge, perceived self-confidence, comfort levels, and practical skills in delirium assessment using the CAM-ICU, leading to more accurate and consistent screening practices. Structured, interactive training should be integrated into ICU education to promote standardized delirium assessment in ICU settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating structured delirium education into ICU training can promote adherence to best practices, ensuring timely detection and intervention. Future research should examine long-term skill retention and its effect on patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:17:15Z","timestamp":1751001435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of educational training about CAM-ICU on nurses\u2019 knowledge, confidence, and practice to detect delirium among critically ill patients in intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5106-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona Ibrahim","family":"Hebeshy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia","family":"Gaballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Ragab","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9920","key":"3395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"3395_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070893","volume":"176","author":"RP Thom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thom RP, Levy-Carrick NC, Bui M, Silbersweig D, Delirium. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(10):785\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070893.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"3395_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","volume":"377","author":"ER Marcantonio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1456\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3395_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.248","volume":"50","author":"FM Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang FM, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK, Kiely DK, Rudolph JL, Fearing MA, et al. Phenomenological subtypes of delirium in older persons: patterns, prevalence, and prognosis. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(3):248\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.248.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"3395_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0320OC","volume":"204","author":"KM Fiest","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiest KM, Soo A, Hee Lee C, Niven DJ, Ely EW, Doig CJ, et al. Long-term outcomes in ICU patients with delirium: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(4):412\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202002-0320OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3395_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003232","volume":"46","author":"J McPeake","year":"2018","unstructured":"McPeake J, Mikkelsen ME. The evolution of post intensive care syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):1551\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003232.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2538","volume":"350","author":"JI Salluh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h2538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h2538.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3395_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2015.03.011","volume":"31","author":"P Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson P, Khan A. Delirium in critically ill patients. Crit Care Clin. 2015;31(3):589\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2015.03.011.","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.009","volume":"34","author":"A Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma A, Malhotra S, Grover S, Jindal SK. Incidence, prevalence, risk factor and outcome of delirium in intensive care unit: a study from India. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(6):639\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.009.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.09.001","volume":"32","author":"R Tsuruta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsuruta R, Nakahara T, Miyauchi T, Kutsuna S, Ogino Y, Yamamoto T, et al. Prevalence and associated factors for delirium in critically ill patients at a Japanese intensive care unit. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(6):607\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.09.001.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2015740","volume":"24","author":"L Andrews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andrews L, Silva SG, Kaplan S, Zimbro K. Delirium monitoring and patient outcomes in a general intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care. 2015;24(1):48\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ajcc2015740.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"3395_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1471","volume":"10","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda M, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez E, Fern\u00e1ndez-Trinidad M. Managing delirium in acute inpatient units: A cross-sectional study of nursing teams\u2019 knowledge and perceived limitations. Nurs Open. 2023;10(4):2213\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nop2.1471.","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"3395_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01674.x","volume":"56","author":"LA Wei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, Inouye SK. The confusion assessment method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(5):823\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01674.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"21","key":"3395_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","volume":"286","author":"EW Ely","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2018633","volume":"38","author":"C G\u00e9linas","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00e9linas C, B\u00e9rub\u00e9 M, Chevrier A, Pun BT, Ely EW, Skrobik Y, et al. Delirium assessment tools for use in critically ill adults: a psychometric analysis and systematic review. Crit Care Nurse. 2018;38(1):38\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2018633.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"9","key":"3395_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4413","volume":"31","author":"EL Van Velthuijsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Velthuijsen EL, Zwakhalan SMG, Warnier RMJ, Mulder WJ, Verhey FRJ, Kempen GIJM. Psychometric properties and feasibility of instruments for the assessment of delirium in older hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(9):937\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.4413.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3395_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.12.011","volume":"80","author":"A Selim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selim A, Kandeel N, Elokl M, Khater MS, Saleh AN, Bustami R, et al. The validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU): A prospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;80:83\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.12.011.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"3395_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.11.004","volume":"28","author":"R Boot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boot R. Delirium: a review of the nurses\u2019 role in the intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2012;28(3):185\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.11.004.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003756","volume":"47","author":"BA Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan BA, Perkins AJ, Gao S, Hui SL, Campbell NL, Farber MO, et al. The confusion assessment method for the ICU-7 delirium severity scale: A novel delirium severity instrument for use in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(6):850\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003756.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2627-y","volume":"23","author":"Z van der Trogrli\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Trogrli\u0107 Z, Bakker J, Balas MC, van der Ely EW, et al. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2627-y.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2015.07.009","volume":"31","author":"MC Flaigle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flaigle MC, Ascenzi J, Kudchadkar SR. Identifying barriers to delirium screening and prevention in the pediatric ICU: evaluation of PICU staff knowledge. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31(1):81\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2015.07.009.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"3395_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002057","volume":"44","author":"NS Al-Qadheeb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Qadheeb NS, Balk EM, Fraser GL, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Kress JP, et al. Randomized ICU trials do not demonstrate an association between interventions that reduce delirium duration and short-term mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(12):2186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002057.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2020706","volume":"40","author":"RM Rivosecchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rivosecchi RM, Smithburger PL, Svec S, Campbell S, Kane-Gill SL. Nonpharmacological interventions to prevent delirium: an evidence-based systematic review. Crit Care Nurse. 2020;40(1):14\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2020706.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"5","key":"3395_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/NUR.0b013e3181ee5f95","volume":"24","author":"B Flagg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flagg B, Cox L, McDowell S, Mwose JM, Buelow JM. Nursing identification of delirium. Clin Nurse Spec. 2010;24(5):260\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NUR.0b013e3181ee5f95.","journal-title":"Clin Nurse Spec"},{"issue":"5","key":"3395_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000130","volume":"34","author":"J Marino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marino J, Bucher D, Beach M, Yegneswaran B, Cooper B. Implementation of an intensive care unit delirium protocol. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2015;34(5):273\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000130.","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"3395_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14525","volume":"27","author":"V Ramoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramoo V, Abu H, Rai V, Surat Singh SK, Baharudin AA, Danaee M, et al. Educational intervention on delirium assessment using confusion assessment method-ICU (CAM-ICU) in a general intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(21\u201322):4028\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14525.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3395_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2008.17.6.555","volume":"17","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Fong JJ, Howard EP, Skrobik Y, McCoy N, Yasuda C, et al. Assessment of delirium in the intensive care unit: nursing practices and perceptions. Am J Crit Care. 2008;17(6):555\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ajcc2008.17.6.555.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"3395_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, G\u00e9linas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3395_CR30","unstructured":"Abdullah SO, Darweesh AE, Mohammed NA. Assessment of Nurses\u2019 Knowledge and Practices Regarding Care of Patients with Delirium at AL-Thawra Hospital, Yemen. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal. 2020;8(22):86\u201398. Available from: https:\/\/journals.ekb.eg\/article116071b3bfaf39a1f1548a56f3393f70a07824.pdf"},{"key":"3395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11407","volume":"16","author":"D Gusmao-Flores","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh JI, Chalhub RA, Quarantini LC. The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Am J Crit Care. 2012;16:R115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11407.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"3395_CR32","volume-title":"The adult learner: A neglected species","author":"MS Knowles","year":"1984","unstructured":"Knowles MS. The adult learner: A neglected species. 3rd ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing; 1984.","edition":"3"},{"key":"3395_CR33","volume-title":"Adult learning: linking theory and practice","author":"SB Merriam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merriam SB, Bierema LL. Adult learning: linking theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2014."},{"key":"3395_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talhouk O, Al Nuqaidan H, Tassi A et al. Effect of confusion assessment tool application on critical care nurses\u2019 knowledge of delirium recognition. BAU J Health Wellbeing. 2019;2(1).","DOI":"10.54729\/2789-8288.1023"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12229","volume":"20","author":"L an de Steeg","year":"2014","unstructured":"an de Steeg L, Langelaan M, Ijkema R, Nugus P, Wagner C. Improving delirium care for hospitalized older patients. A qualitative study identifying barriers to guideline adherence. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014;20(6):813\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.12229.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"3395_CR36","unstructured":"Dahl B. Delirium Screening Instrument Knowledge and Perception among Cardiovascular Intensive Care Nurses [Internet]. 2015. Available from: www.uknowledge.uky.edu"},{"key":"3395_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238212051984033","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120519840332","volume":"6","author":"BA Mukhalalati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukhalalati BA, Taylor A. Adult learning theories in context: A quick guide for healthcare professional educators. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2019;6:2382120519840332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2382120519840332.","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"key":"3395_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2010.01.005","volume":"2","author":"LO Kang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kang LO, Brian S, Ricca B. Constructivism in pharmacy school. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2010;2:126\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"key":"3395_CR39","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: the exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman; 1997."},{"key":"3395_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391993","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1391993","volume":"15","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Fan K, Zheng S, Xie G, Niu X, Pang J, et al. Effect of occupational therapy on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1391993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1391993.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3395_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05213-9","volume":"24","author":"V Molitor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molitor V, Busse TS, Giehl C, et al. Educational interventions aimed at improving knowledge of delirium among nursing home staff\u2014a realist review. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24:633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05213-9.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"3395_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16157","volume":"32","author":"S Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim S, Choi E, Jung Y, Jang I. Postoperative delirium screening tools for post-anaesthetic adult patients in non-intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2023;32(9\u201310):1691\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.16157.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3395_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2020706","volume":"40","author":"J Spiegelberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiegelberg J, Song H, Pun B, Webb P, Boehm LM. Early identification of delirium in intensive care unit patients: improving the quality of care. Crit Care Nurse. 2020;40(2):33\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2020706.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"1","key":"3395_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05725-3","volume":"24","author":"D Tuohy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuohy D, Boland P, Stark P, et al. Digital education about delirium for health care professional students: a mixed methods systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2024;24(1):762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05725-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"3395_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-019-00278-x","volume":"11","author":"SY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee SY, Fisher J, Wand APF, et al. Developing delirium best practice: a systematic review of education interventions for healthcare professionals working in inpatient settings. Eur Geriatr Med. 2020;11:1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-019-00278-x.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3395_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2018851","volume":"27","author":"CS Blevins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blevins CS, DeGennaro R. Educational intervention to improve delirium recognition by nurses. Am J Crit Care. 2018;27(4):270\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ajcc2018851.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3395_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2021599","volume":"30","author":"OM Awan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Awan OM, Buhr RG, Kamdar BB. Factors influencing CAM-ICU Documentation and inappropriate unable to assess responses. Am J Crit Care. 2021;30(6):e99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ajcc2021599.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 1","key":"3395_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a17064","volume":"41","author":"MC Balas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Balas MC, Burke WJ, Gannon D, Cohen MZ, Colburn L, Bevil C, et al. Implementing the awakening and breathing coordination, delirium monitoring\/management, and early exercise\/mobility bundle into everyday care: opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned for implementing the ICU pain, agitation, and delirium guidelines. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9 Suppl 1):S116\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a17064.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:17:18Z","timestamp":1751001438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03395-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Nursing, Suez Canal University, Egypt, approved the current study (number: 000000). Permission to collect data was obtained from the hospital and ICU administrative authorities. The third author obtained informed consent from all participants after explaining the study\u2019s purpose and ensuring voluntary participation and the option to decline or withdraw at any time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The Third author obtained informed consent from all participants after explaining the study\u2019s purpose, ensuring voluntary participation, and the option to decline or withdraw at any time.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Nurses consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"673"}}