{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:00:17Z","timestamp":1781614817082,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Geriatric Smart Nursing and Rehabilitation","award":["SZS2024009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS2024009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72074164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72074164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospice nurses may encounter vicarious trauma during the empathy process with patients. However, vicarious trauma is a neglected issue in most hospice clinical nursing settings. The study aims to explore vicarious trauma experience and perspectives among hospice nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted participatory observations in three hospitals and held semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 hospice nurses from 9 cities between May and October 2023. Field notes and interview transcripts were analyzed as one coherent text by using reflexive thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three main themes were identified: (1) \u201cFalling in,\u201d with subthemes of suffering from vicarious trauma and self-perceiving vicarious trauma; (2) \u201cStruggling,\u201d with subthemes of dealing with ambivalence; (3) \u201cClimbing out,\u201d with subthemes of \u201cdigesting\u201d vicarious trauma and calling for organizational support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicated that hospice nurses are deeply affected by vicarious trauma. Nursing managers should pay more attention to the potential impacts of vicarious trauma on hospice nurses, and explore scientifically informed training courses and empowerment strategies to prevent and intervene in the vicarious trauma experiences of hospice nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T12:01:45Z","timestamp":1761220905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cFalling in and climbing out\u201d: a qualitative study on vicarious trauma among hospice nurses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yanming","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangchenchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhui","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.003","volume":"48","author":"B Candy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Candy B, Holman A, Leurent B, Davis S, Jones L. Hospice care delivered at home, in nursing homes and in dedicated hospice facilities: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(1):121\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"3845_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02235","volume":"38","author":"DC Currow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Currow DC, Agar MR, Phillips JL. Role of hospice care at the end of life for people with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(9):937\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3845_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2020.01.001","volume":"104","author":"PE Tatum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tatum PE, Mills SS. Hospice and palliative care: an overview. Med Clin North Am. 2020;104(3):359\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"3845_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buss MK, Rock LK, McCarthy EP. Understanding palliative care and hospice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):280\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.11.007"},{"key":"3845_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105384","volume":"119","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li S, Zhang Z, Zhang X. A qualitative study exploring nursing students\u2019 perspectives on and attitudes towards hospice care in China. Nurse Educ Today. 2022;119:105384.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000197","volume":"17","author":"JL Sacks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sacks JL, Volker DL. For their patients: A study of hospice nurses\u2019 responses to patient suffering. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2015;17(6):490\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/0742-969X.1995.11882782","volume":"10","author":"BM Raudonis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raudonis BM. Empathic Nurse-Patient relationships in hospice nursing. Hosp J. 1995;10(1):59\u201374.","journal-title":"Hosp J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-022-00911-w","volume":"21","author":"YL Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang YL, Yang ZW, Tang YZ, Li HL, Zhou LS. A qualitative exploration of empathic labor in Chinese hospice nurses. BMC Palliat Care. 2022;21(1):23.","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2019.1699201","volume":"46","author":"MD Barnett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barnett MD, Hays KN, Cantu C. Compassion fatigue, emotional labor, and emotional display among hospice nurses. Death Stud. 2022;46(2):290\u20136.","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"issue":"10","key":"3845_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0662","volume":"21","author":"MD Barnett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barnett MD, Ruiz IA. Psychological distress and compassion fatigue among hospice nurses: the mediating role of Self-Esteem and negative affect. J Palliat Med. 2018;21(10):1504\u20136.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31170","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v11.31170","volume":"11","author":"LP Ingebretsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ingebretsen LP, Sagbakken M. Hospice nurses\u2019 emotional challenges in their encounters with the dying. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being. 2016;11(1):31170.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being"},{"issue":"5","key":"3845_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12734","volume":"57","author":"S Kennedy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kennedy S, Booth R. Vicarious trauma in nursing professionals: A concept analysis. Nurs Forum (Auckl). 2022;57(5):893\u20137.","journal-title":"Nurs Forum (Auckl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975140","volume":"3","author":"IL McCann","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Vicarious traumatization: A framework for Understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3(1):131\u201349.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"3845_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearlman LA, Mac Ian PS. Vicarious traumatization: an empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 1995;26(6).","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.26.6.558"},{"key":"3845_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu Y, Bo E, Yang E, Mao Y, Wang Q, Cao H et al. Vicarious trauma in nursing: a hybrid concept analysis. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 26]; Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.16918","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16918"},{"issue":"5","key":"3845_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020193526843","volume":"15","author":"SR Jenkins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jenkins SR, Baird S. Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(5):423\u201332.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"3845_CR17","unstructured":"Compassion fatigue. Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner\/Mazel; 1995. xxii, 268 p. (Figley CR, editor. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized)."},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7748\/en2002.10.10.6.27.c1076","volume":"10","author":"S Little","year":"2002","unstructured":"Little S. Vicarious traumatisation. Emerg Nurse. 2002;10(6):27.","journal-title":"Emerg Nurse"},{"key":"3845_CR19","unstructured":"Spinelli PT. Psychiatric nurses and vicarious trauma: a phenomenological study [Internet] [Ph.D.]. [United States-- Minnesota]: Capella University; 2011 [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/906786061\/abstract\/71D26C36589A4FD7PQ\/1"},{"key":"3845_CR20","unstructured":"Rose-Freeman NL. Vicarious traumatization in emergency medical technicians: adult attachment as a mediator [Internet] [Psy.D.]. [United States--Kentucky]: Spalding University. 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1803243672\/abstract\/1CEDCF6C9C1F43F6PQ\/1"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345815599976","volume":"21","author":"T Munger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munger T, Savage T, Panosky DM. When caring for perpetrators becomes a sentence. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(4):365\u201374.","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12737","volume":"27","author":"MD Barnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barnett MD, Moore JM, Garza CJ. Meaning in life and self-esteem help hospice nurses withstand prolonged exposure to death. J Nurs Manag. 2019;27(4):775\u201380.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"3845_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000782","volume":"23","author":"ML Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang ML, Goh HS, Zhang H, Lee CN. An exploratory study on death anxiety and its impact on community palliative nurses in Singapore. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2021;23(5):469\u201377.","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"key":"3845_CR24","unstructured":"Musili PM, Sirera AM, Kathungu BM. Personal trauma history and incidence of vicarious trauma among caregivers in hospices. Afr J Clin Psychol. 2022;4(3)."},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2007.02.007","volume":"11","author":"HAH Sinclair","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sinclair HAH, Hamill C. Does vicarious traumatisation affect oncology nurses? A literature review. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2007;11(4):348\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12953","volume":"31","author":"S Isobel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isobel S, Thomas M. Vicarious trauma and nursing: an integrative review. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2022;31(2):247\u201359.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2011.01118.x","volume":"7","author":"SL Maier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maier SL. The emotional challenges faced by sexual assault nurse examiners: ER nursing is stressful on a good day without rape victims. J Forensic Nurs. 2011;7(4):161\u201372.","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"3845_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2022.151648","volume":"69","author":"H Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi H, Shan B, Chen Q, Guo F, Zhou X, Shi M, et al. Prevalence and predictors of compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout among Chinese hospice nurses: A cross-sectional study. Appl Nurs Res. 2023;69:151648.","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"3845_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091221141063","volume":"40","author":"J Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu J, Soh KL, He L, Wang P, Soh KG, Cao Y. The experiences and needs of hospice care nurses facing burnout: A scoping review. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2023;40(9):1029\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Med"},{"key":"3845_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-01083-x","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jiang J, Zhu C, Liu C, Guan C, Hu X. Status and related factors of burnout among palliative nurses in china: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2022;21:313.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"3845_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-00959-y","volume":"22","author":"M Ling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ling M, Wang X, Ma Y, Long Y. A review of the current state of hospice care in China. Curr Oncol Rep. 2020;22(10):99.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"3845_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216319857495","volume":"33","author":"X Ning","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ning X. Hospice and palliative care research in Mainland china: current status and future direction. Palliat Med. 2019;33(9):1127\u20138.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/17449871221085863","volume":"27","author":"H Dodds","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dodds H, Hunter DJ. Culture as both a risk and protective factor for vicarious traumatisation in nurses working with refugees: a literature review. J Res Nurs. 2022;27(4):357\u201371.","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2012.729177","volume":"21","author":"CLW Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan CLW, Ho AHY, Leung PPY, Chochinov HM, Neimeyer RA, Pang SMC, et al. The blessings and the curses of filial piety on dignity at the end of life: lived experience of Hong Kong Chinese adult children caregivers. J Ethn Cult Divers Soc Work. 2012;21(4):277\u201396.","journal-title":"J Ethn Cult Divers Soc Work"},{"key":"3845_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01789-0","volume":"23","author":"C Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao C, Patrician PA, Montgomery AP, Wang Y, Jablonski R, Markaki A. Filial piety and older adult caregiving among Chinese and Chinese-American families in the united states: a concept analysis. BMC Nurs. 2024;23:115.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180802440431","volume":"33","author":"CY Hsu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hsu CY, O\u2019Connor M, Lee S. Understandings of death and dying for people of Chinese origin. Death Stud. 2009;33(2):153\u201374.","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"3845_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18197-3","volume":"24","author":"WI Ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ng WI, Che SL, Li X, Zhu M. Association of filial attitude, filial behavior and death literacy: implications for development of death system in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater Bay area of China. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:721.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3845_CR38","first-page":"147","volume-title":"A handbook of research methods for clinical and health psychology","author":"R Elliott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elliott R, Timulak L. Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. A handbook of research methods for clinical and health psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2005. pp. 147\u201359."},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"3845_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315570119","volume":"25","author":"M Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson M, Harrison P, Swinburn B, Lawrence M. Using a qualitative vignette to explore a complex public health issue. Qual Health Res. 2015;25(10):1395\u2013409.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493507085616","volume":"12","author":"FA Carnevale","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carnevale FA, Macdonald ME, Bluebond-Langner M, McKeever P. Using participant observation in pediatric health care settings: ethical challenges and solutions. J Child Health Care. 2008;12(1):18\u201332.","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2453","volume":"17","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Rubinstein EB. The 3 Cs of content, context, and concepts: A practical approach to recording unstructured field observations. Ann Fam Med. 2019;17(6):554\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"3845_CR43","unstructured":"Brinkmann S, Kvale S, InterViews I. 2014 [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/interviews\/book239402"},{"key":"3845_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233339361880739","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393618807395","volume":"5","author":"C Simon\u00ff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simon\u00ff C, Specht K, Andersen IC, Johansen KK, Nielsen C, Agerskov H. A Ricoeur-Inspired approach to interpret participant observations and interviews. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2018;5:2333393618807395.","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3845_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238","volume":"18","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qual Res Psychol. 2021;18(3):328\u201352.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"215","key":"3845_CR47","first-page":"298","volume":"36","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Medical Association. The Helsinki declaration of the world medical association (WMA). Ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects. Pol Merkur Lek Organ Pol Tow Lek. 2014;36(215):298\u2013301.","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lek Organ Pol Tow Lek"},{"issue":"3","key":"3845_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733014534873","volume":"22","author":"A Walker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker A, Breitsameter C. Ethical decision-making in hospice care. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(3):321\u201330.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"3845_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733020964859","volume":"28","author":"EL De Brasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Brasi EL, Giannetta N, Ercolani S, Gandini ELM, Moranda D, Villa G, et al. Nurses\u2019 moral distress in end-of-life care: A qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2021;28(5):614\u201327.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3845_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073925","volume":"19","author":"A Padmanabhanunni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Padmanabhanunni A, Gqomfa N. The ugliness of it seeps into me: experiences of vicarious trauma among female psychologists treating survivors of sexual assault. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):3925.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/10436596211021490","volume":"33","author":"L Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lei L, Gan Q, Gu C, Tan J, Luo Y. Life-and-Death attitude and its formation process and End-of-Life care expectations among the elderly under traditional Chinese culture: A qualitative study. J Transcult Nurs. 2022;33(1):57\u201364.","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733014524760","volume":"22","author":"H Haishan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haishan H, Hongjuan L, Tieying Z, Xuemei P. Preference of Chinese general public and healthcare providers for a good death. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22(2):217\u201327.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"3845_CR53","unstructured":"Janoff-Bulman R, Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. 1992;256."},{"key":"3845_CR54","unstructured":"Middleton JS. The relationship between vicarious traumatization and job retention among child welfare professionals [Internet] [Ph.D.]. [United States--Colorado]: University of Denver. 2011 [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/902518559\/abstract\/A90029E8B0CD4BF3PQ\/1"},{"key":"3845_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2021.100451","volume":"24","author":"RR Jimenez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jimenez RR, Andersen S, Song H, Townsend C. Vicarious trauma in mental health care providers. J Interprofessional Educ Pract. 2021;24:100451.","journal-title":"J Interprofessional Educ Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2024055","volume":"11","author":"I Piras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piras I, Usai V, Contu P, Galletta M. Vicarious trauma, coping strategies and nurses\u2019 health outcomes: an exploratory study. AIMS Public Health. 2024;11(4):1071\u201381.","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"3845_CR57","unstructured":"McGlothan SD. Human Service Professionals\u2019 Experience With Vicarious Trauma [Internet] [Ph.D.]. [United States--Minnesota]: Walden University. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2821575697\/abstract\/271D160FD5044CE7PQ\/1"},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390319878779","volume":"27","author":"K Wheeler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wheeler K, Phillips KE. The development of trauma and resilience competencies for nursing education. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2021;27(4):322\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"3845_CR59","unstructured":"Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York, NY, US: W. W. Norton & Company. 1995. xix, 451 p. (Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors)."},{"key":"3845_CR60","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators","author":"DJ Rosenbloom","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosenbloom DJ, Pratt AC, Pearlman LA. Helpers\u2019 responses to trauma work: Understanding and intervening in an organization. Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Baltimore, MD, US: Sidran; 1995. pp. 65\u201379."},{"key":"3845_CR61","unstructured":"van Lipsky L. D. Trauma stewardship: an everyday guide to caring for self while caring for others. 1st edition. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. 2009:288 p."},{"issue":"4","key":"3845_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12475","volume":"55","author":"J Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim S, Byun M. Emotional distancing in nursing: A concept analysis. Nurs Forum (Auckl). 2020;55(4):595\u2013602.","journal-title":"Nurs Forum (Auckl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3845_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.17744\/mehc.27.1.mj5rcvy6c713tafw","volume":"27","author":"TM Skovholt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skovholt TM. The cycle of caring: A model of expertise in the helping professions. J Ment Health Couns. 2005;27(1):82\u201393.","journal-title":"J Ment Health Couns"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"3845_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13235","volume":"25","author":"J Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor J, Bradbury-Jones C, Breckenridge JP, Jones C, Herber OR. Risk of vicarious trauma in nursing research: a focused mapping review and synthesis. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25(19\u201320):2768\u201377.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"3845_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2016.1206506","volume":"10","author":"E Anne Dombo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anne Dombo E, Whiting Blome W. Vicarious trauma in child welfare workers: A study of organizational responses. J Public Child Welf. 2016;10(5):505\u201323.","journal-title":"J Public Child Welf"},{"issue":"3","key":"3845_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/09503153.2019.1620201","volume":"32","author":"S Ashley-Binge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashley-Binge S, Cousins C. Individual and organisational practices addressing social workers\u2019 experiences of vicarious trauma. Practice. 2020;32(3):191\u2013207.","journal-title":"Practice"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3845_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12395","volume":"64","author":"S Hallinan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hallinan S, Shiyko MP, Volpe R, Molnar BE. Reliability and validity of the vicarious trauma organizational readiness guide (VT-ORG). Am J Community Psychol. 2019;64(3\u20134):481\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR68","first-page":"5491","volume":"30","author":"SY Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan SY, Lin WC. The relationships between self-efficacy, self-care ability, and burnout and compassion satisfaction among hospice staff in Taiwan. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(6):5491\u20137.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"3845_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909118756657","volume":"35","author":"JT Hotchkiss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hotchkiss JT. Mindful Self-Care and secondary traumatic stress mediate a relationship between compassion satisfaction and burnout risk among hospice care professionals. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2018;35(8):1099\u2013108.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3845_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000727","volume":"23","author":"AC Mesquita Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mesquita Garcia AC, Domingues Silva B, Oliveira Da Silva LC, Mills J. Self-compassion in hospice and palliative care: A systematic integrative review. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2021;23(2):145\u201354.","journal-title":"J Hosp Palliat Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"3845_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2012.06.120066","volume":"25","author":"S Woolhouse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woolhouse S, Brown JB, Thind A. Building through the grief: vicarious trauma in a group of Inner-City family physicians. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(6):840\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:32:31Z","timestamp":1781613151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03845-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Approval number: KYLL-2023-021). All the participants provided informed consent to participate in the study voluntarily.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1320"}}