{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:39:59Z","timestamp":1790775599270,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["A2024371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2024371"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["B2025680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2025680"]}]},{"name":"General Guidance Project of the Health Commission of Guangzhou Municipality","award":["20261A011066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20261A011066"]}]},{"name":"General Guidance Project of the Health Commission of Guangzhou Municipality","award":["20261A010088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20261A010088"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1772701455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Critical care nurses\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding hypothermia management during continuous renal replacement therapy: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04519-1","volume":"27","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Liu C, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhang L, Fu P. Anticoagulation options for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit care. 2023;27(1):222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04519-1.","journal-title":"Crit care"},{"issue":"8","key":"4504_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","volume":"41","author":"EA Hoste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Cely CM, Colman R, Cruz DN, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4504_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12970","volume":"34","author":"K Kovvuru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kovvuru K, Velez JCQ. Complications associated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial. 2021;34(6):489\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12970.","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"4","key":"4504_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000380903","volume":"39","author":"A Akhoundi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akhoundi A, Singh B, Vela M, Chaudhary S, Monaghan M, Wilson GA, et al. Incidence of adverse events during continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif. 2015;39(4):333\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000380903.","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"3","key":"4504_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2024.00038","volume":"39","author":"T Pornsirirat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pornsirirat T, Kasemvilawan N, Pattanacharoenwong P, Arpibanwana S, Kondon H, Naorungroj T. Incidence of hypothermia in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy in Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(3):379\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4266\/acc.2024.00038.","journal-title":"Acute Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20210012","volume":"33","author":"CMF Morsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morsch CMF, Haas JS, Plotnick R, Cavalcanti TC, Cardoso PC, Pilger T, et al. Hypothermia related to continuous renal replacement therapy: incidence and associated factors. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2021;33(1):111\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/0103-507X.20210012.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"issue":"8","key":"4504_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13616","volume":"64","author":"M Bell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bell M, Ronco C, Hansson F, Broman M. Hypothermia during CRRT, a comparative analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64(8):1162\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aas.13616.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"4504_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263054","volume":"17","author":"MJ Blackowicz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blackowicz MJ, Bell M, Echeverri J, Harenski K, Broman ME. Cost-effectiveness of the TherMax blood warmer during continuous renal replacement therapy. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(2):e0263054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263054.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"4504_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn121430-20221130-01041","volume":"35","author":"P Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang P, Jiang HJ, Ye X, Fang K, Wang J, YL P, et al. Analysis of the ineidence and related faetors of hypothermia in patients with continuous renal replacement therapy. Chin Crit Care Med. 2023;35(4):387\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn121430-20221130-01041.","journal-title":"Chin Crit Care Med"},{"key":"4504_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64074-1.00041-0","volume":"157","author":"K Ruetzler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruetzler K, Kurz A. Consequences of perioperative hypothermia. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;157:687\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-64074-1.00041-0.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4504_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-9936-2","volume":"33","author":"K Inaba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Inaba K, Teixeira PG, Rhee P, Brown C, Salim A, DuBose J, et al. Mortality impact of hypothermia after cavitary explorations in trauma. World J Surg. 2009;33(4):864\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-009-9936-2.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170152","volume":"12","author":"Z Rumbus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rumbus Z, Matics R, Hegyi P, Zsiboras C, Szabo I, Illes A, et al. Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170152.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"4504_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07698-9","volume":"50","author":"R Murugan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murugan R, Prowle J, Beaubien-Souligny W. Protocolized fluid balance neutralization during continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(12):2141\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-024-07698-9.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4504_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.11.001","volume":"3","author":"G Fishman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fishman G, Singer P. Metabolic and nutritional aspects in continuous renal replacement therapy. J Intensive Med. 2023;3(3):228\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.11.001. \u200938.","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4504_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3761\/j.issn.2096-7446.2025.05.019","volume":"6","author":"LH Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen LH, Sheng QQ, Huang Y, Wang XN, Tan YF, He TT, et al. Summary of best evidence on monitoring and management for hypothermia in patients with continuous renal replacement therapy. Chin J Emerg Crit Care Nurs. 2025;6(5):610\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3761\/j.issn.2096-7446.2025.05.019.","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"4504_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12601","volume":"21","author":"G Kaur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaur G, Banoth P, Yerram P, Misra M. A case of hypothermia on CRRT. Hemodial Int. 2017;21:S57\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hdi.12601.","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"4504_CR17","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypothermia: prevention and management in adults having surgery. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): guidelines 2016."},{"issue":"14","key":"4504_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2019.14.004","volume":"35","author":"WB Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu WB, Xu Y. Clinical study on preheating of substitution fuid to prevent hypothermia in patients with continuous renal replacement therapy. Chin J Prac Nurs. 2019;35(14):1055\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2019.14.004.","journal-title":"Chin J Prac Nurs"},{"key":"4504_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bell M, Hertzberg D, Hansson F, Carlsson \u00c5, Berkius J, Vimlati L, et al. Modern CRRT systems are associated with lower risk of hypothermia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74977-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74977-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15530-0","volume":"23","author":"X Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu X, Yang M, Li X, Chen Y, Ouyang S, Li L. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of nephrologists on the decision for renal replacement therapy. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15530-0.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01953-6","volume":"23","author":"X Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu X, Ouyang L, Li J, Peng Y, Zhong D, Yang H, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice, needs, and implementation status of intensive care unit staff toward continuous renal replacement therapy: a survey of 66 hospitals in central and South China. BMC Nurs. 2024;23(1):281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-01953-6.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"4504_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441","volume":"368","author":"RD Riley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riley RD, Ensor J, Snell KIE, et al. Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model. BMJ. 2020;368:m441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m441.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4504_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12975","volume":"34","author":"N Srisawat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srisawat N, Chakravarthi R. CRRT in developing world. Semin Dial. 2021;34(6):567\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12975.","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"4504_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000485611","volume":"194","author":"B Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen B, Xu J, Wang Y, Jiang W, Teng J, Ding X. Continuous renal replacement therapy quality control and performance measures. Contrib Nephrol. 2018;194:134\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000485611.","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275416","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2023.2275416","volume":"18","author":"L Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng L, Wang C, Liu X, Bi Y, Zhu K, Yue Y, et al. Temperature management in the intensive care unit: a practical survey from China. Libyan J Med. 2023;18(1):2275416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19932820.2023.2275416.","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4504_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N4p347","volume":"37","author":"CL Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim CL, Byrne C, Lee JK. Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2008;37(4):347\u201353.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"10","key":"4504_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1150","volume":"163","author":"DJ Niven","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, Mrklas KJ, Roberts DJ, Stelfox HT. Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(10):768\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M15-1150.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4504_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.12.023","volume":"84","author":"J Shin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shin J, Kim J, Song K, Kwak Y. Core temperature measurement in therapeutic hypothermia according to different phases: comparison of bladder, rectal, and tympanic versus pulmonary artery methods. Resuscitation. 2013;84(6):810\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.12.023.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"4504_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12403","volume":"49","author":"S Vovlianou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vovlianou S, Koutlas V, Ikonomou M, Vassilikopoulos T, Papoulidou F, Dounousi E. Quality of life of caregivers of end-stage kidney disease patients: Caregivers or care recipients? J Ren Care. 2023;49(1):56\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jorc.12403.","journal-title":"J Ren Care"},{"key":"4504_CR30","unstructured":"Australian College of Critical Care Nurses. ACCCN position statement critical care nurse education, https:\/\/www.acccn.com.au\/documents\/item\/715\/; 2017 [accessed 17 June 2017]."},{"issue":"2","key":"4504_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal","volume":"15","author":"T Fukuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fukuda T, Sakurai H, Kashiwagi M. Impact of having a certified nurse specialist in critical care nursing as head nurse on ICU patient outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0228458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4504_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01067.x","volume":"18","author":"AM McCallin","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCallin AM, Frankson C. The role of the charge nurse manager: a descriptive exploratory study. J Nurs Manag. 2010;18(3):319\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01067.x.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"4504_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000617","volume":"32","author":"YW Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin YW, Ni CF, Hsu SF, Tsay SL, Tung HH. Effects of Length of Employment and Head Nurse Leadership Style on the Clinical Competency of Staff Nurses in Taiwan. J Nurs Res. 2024;32(3):e331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000617.","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4504_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2307\/2094422","volume":"39","author":"SD Sieber","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sieber SD. Toward a theory of role accumulation. Am Sociol Rev. 1974;39(4):567\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2094422.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"4504_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103826","volume":"73","author":"AM Almarwani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almarwani AM, Alzahrani NS. Factors affecting the development of clinical nurses\u2019 competency: A systematic review. Nurse Educ Pract. 2023;73:103826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103826.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"4504_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.11.027","volume":"20","author":"P Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li P, Luo Y, Xu R, et al. Establishment and evaluation of the 1\u2009+\u20091+1 training system for newly appointed head nurses. Chin Nurs Manage. 2020;20(11):1722\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.11.027.","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Manage"},{"key":"4504_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shang YL, Ma C, Altares D, Sloane DM, Aiken LH. Nurse employmentcontracts in Chinese hospitals: impact of inequitable beneft structures on nurse andpatient satisfaction. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1478-4491-12-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-1"},{"key":"4504_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037499","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1037499","volume":"14","author":"C Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu C, Cui X, Geng L, Cao F. Association between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses with formal employment versus contract-based employment. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1037499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1037499.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"4504_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13961","volume":"75","author":"N Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang N, Gong ZX, Xu Z, Gilal FG. Ethical climate and service behaviours in nurses: The moderating role of employment type. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(9):1868\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.13961.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:46:07Z","timestamp":1776077167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04504-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (ES-2023-132-01, Date:2023-08-14) and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent after they were informed about the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"350"}}