{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:33:22Z","timestamp":1787240002471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nurs"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently, new methods such as game-based learning, mobile learning, and telesimulation have been used in lessons. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of game-based learning and telesimulation methods on the knowledge, skills, motivation, and self-efficacy levels of nursing students in postpartum hemorrhage management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized-controlled study comprised 177 nursing students who had attended an obstetrics and gynecology nursing course at a nursing department in Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye. Participants were classified according to their grade point average and randomly assigned to four groups of equal size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After training, the knowledge, skill, motivation, and self-efficacy scores in postpartum bleeding management were higher in the groups where telesimulation (Group II), Game-based learning (Group III), and both methods were used together (Group IV) compared with the control group (Group I,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Group IV scores were significantly higher than the other two experimental groups on knowledge (85.5\u2009\u00b1\u20099.3), skill (19.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3), motivation (141.2\u2009\u00b1\u200918.7), and self-efficacy (84.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9) scales (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Telesimulation and Game-based learning methods were more effective than virtual lecture for teaching postpartum hemorrhage management skills. However, during virtual lessons, combining telesimulation and Kahoot was more effective than all other methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT05323903, Retrospectively registered. Registered on April 5, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T15:33:40Z","timestamp":1781451220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of game-based learning and telesimulation methods on the knowledge, skills, motivations, and self-efficacy levels of nursing students in postpartum hemorrhage management: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye\u015fim","family":"\u00c7etinkaya \u015een","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclten","family":"G\u00fcven\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4878_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2450\/2019.0245-18","volume":"17","author":"M Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz M, Stensballe J, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Bonnet MP, De Robertis E, Fornet I, Hardy JF. (Patient Blood Management \u0130n Obstetrics: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage. A NATA Consensus Statement. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(2):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2450\/2019.0245-18.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"4878_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelina JA, Kibusi SM, Mwampagatwa I. Factors influencing nurses\u2019 knowledge and skills in the prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Volume 13. African Journal of Midwifery and Women\u2019s Health; 2019. 4.","DOI":"10.12968\/ajmw.2018.0018"},{"issue":"6","key":"4878_CR3","first-page":"388","volume":"6","author":"EM Abd Elhakm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abd Elhakm EM, Elbana HM. Effect of simulation-based training on maternity nurses\u2019 performance and self-confidence regarding primary postpartum hemorrhage management. Am J Nurs. 2018;6(6):388\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"4878_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-9357.2019.00114.4","volume":"11","author":"BJ Rao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rao BJ. Innovative teaching pedagogy in nursing education. Int J Nurs Educ. 2019;11(4):176\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4878_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2020.159","volume":"32","author":"MR Ghasemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghasemi MR, Moonaghi HK, Heydari A. Strategies for sustaining and enhancing nursing students\u2019 engagement in academic and clinical settings: a narrative review. Korean J Med Educ. 2020;32(2):103.","journal-title":"Korean J Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4878_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1007\/S10639-020-10219-Y","volume":"25","author":"MA Almaiah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almaiah MA, Al-Khasawneh A, Althunibat A. Exploring the critical challenges and factors influencing the E-learning system usage during COVID-19 pandemic. Educ Inform Technol. 2020;25(6):5261\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10639-020-10219-Y.","journal-title":"Educ Inform Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4878_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11950","volume":"34","author":"A Dedeilia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dedeilia A, Sotiropoulos MG, Hanrahan JG, Janga D, Dedeilias P, Sideris M. Medical and Surgical Education Challenges and \u0130nnovations in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review. \u0130n Vivo. 2020;34(3):1603\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/invivo.11950.","journal-title":"\u0130n Vivo"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S41077-020-00146-W","volume":"5","author":"SM Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel SM, Miller CR, Schiavi A, Toy S, Schwengel DA. The Sim Must Go On: Adapting Resident Education to the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Telesimulation. Adv Simul. 2020;5(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S41077-020-00146-W.","journal-title":"Adv Simul"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08118-2","volume":"25","author":"A Hoyt-Austin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoyt-Austin A, Sadovnikova A, Mu\u00f1oz S, Donohue LT, Tancredi DJ, Kair LR. High-fidelity telesimulation to teach lactation skills to primary care residents, a cluster randomized educational trial. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):1563.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"4878_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi-Chi Peng, Hua-Shan Wu. The efficacy of high-fidelity telesimulation in preparing nursing students for emergency and critical patient care: a prospective study. J Nurs Res. 2024;32(5):e348.","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000631"},{"key":"4878_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira FGF, da Silva IC, Fontenele N\u00c2O, Machado ALG, Caetano J\u00c1, Rios MP. Telesimulation in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review. Nurse Educ Today. 2025;152:106750.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106750"},{"key":"4878_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua WL, Ooi SL, Chan GWH, Lau TC, Liaw SY. The effect of a sepsis interprofessional education using virtual patient telesimulation on sepsis team care in clinical practice: mixed methods study. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(4):e35058.","DOI":"10.2196\/35058"},{"issue":"2","key":"4878_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10015","volume":"1","author":"CE Mccoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mccoy CE, Sayegh J, Alrabah R, Yarris LM, Telesimulation. An Innovative Tool for Health Professions Education. AEM Educ Train. 2017;1(2):132\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aet2.10015.","journal-title":"AEM Educ Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"4878_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TELN.2021.06.013","volume":"16","author":"A O\u2019Rae","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Rae A, Ferreira C, Hnatyshyn T, Krut. BFamily Nursing Telesimulation: Teaching Therapeutic Communication \u0130n An Authentic Way. Teach Learn Nurs. 2021;16(4):404\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TELN.2021.06.013.","journal-title":"Teach Learn Nurs"},{"key":"4878_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105256","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.105256","volume":"109","author":"CY Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang CY, Chung MH, Yang JC. Facilitating nursing students\u2019 skill training in distance education via online game-based learning with the watch-summarize-question approach during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2022;109:105256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.105256.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"4878_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHB.2019.05.020","volume":"99","author":"J Huizenga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huizenga J, Admiraal W, Dam G, ten, Voogt J. Mobile Game-Based Learning in Secondary Education: Students\u2019 \u0130mmersion, Game Activities, Team Performance and Learning Outcomes. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;99:137\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHB.2019.05.020.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"4878_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/AORN.13206","volume":"112","author":"J Crowley-Barnett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crowley-Barnett J, Pagano T, Kent M. Engaging Perioperative Learners Using Online game-based Education. AORN J. 2020;112(5):447\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/AORN.13206.","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v25i4.10","volume":"26","author":"A Kimang\u2019a","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimang\u2019a A, Gikunju J, Kariuki D. Safety and Analgesic Properties of Ethanolic Extracts of Toddalia Asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) Used for Central and Peripheral Pain Management Among the East. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26(1):55\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v25i4.10.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"4878_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104910","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.104910","volume":"103","author":"G\u00d6 \u00d6z","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6z G\u00d6, Ordu Y. The Effects of Web Based Education and Kahoot Usage \u0130n Evaluation of The Knowledge and Skills Regarding \u0130ntramuscular \u0130njection Among Nursing Students. Nurse Educ Today. 2021;103:104910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.104910.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"4878_CR20","unstructured":"\u00dcnver V, Ba\u015fak T. Sim\u00fclasyona dayal\u0131 e\u011fitimde senaryo yazma s\u00fcreci. Turkiye Klinikleri J Surg Nurs-Special Topics. 2016;2(1):70-78."},{"key":"4878_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sittner BJ, Aebersold ML, Paige JB, Graham LLM, Schram AP, Decker SI, Lioce L. INACSL Standards of Best Practice for Simulation: past, present, and future. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2015;36(5):294-298.","DOI":"10.5480\/15-1670"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.17681\/HSP.412939","volume":"6","author":"R \u00d6zdilek","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00d6zdilek R, Dutucu N, Co\u015fkun AM. Postpartum Kanama Miktar\u0131n\u0131 Tahminde Ger\u00e7e\u011fe Ne Kadar Yakla\u015f\u0131yoruz? Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi. 2019;6(1):84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17681\/HSP.412939.","journal-title":"Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi"},{"key":"4878_CR23","unstructured":"Han K, Park S, Keller JM, Park K. Developing a web-based tool for systematic motivational design. In: Proceedings of the E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education; 2006. Chesapeake (VA): Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE); 2006. p. 2841-2844."},{"key":"4878_CR24","unstructured":"Acar S. Web destekli performans tabanl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmede ARCS motivasyon stratejilerinin \u00f6\u011frencilerin akademik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131na, \u00f6\u011frenmenin kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, motivasyonlar\u0131na ve tutumlar\u0131na etkisi [doctoral dissertation]. Ankara: Gazi \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc; 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"4878_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1466-7657.2008.00685.X","volume":"56","author":"F Cheraghi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheraghi F, Hassani P, Yaghmaei F, Alavi-Majed H. Developing a valid and reliable self-efficacy in clinical performance scale. Int Nurs Rev. 2009;56(2):214\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1466-7657.2008.00685.X.","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.46483\/deuhfed.928683","volume":"15","author":"M Pozam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pozam M, Zaybak A. Hem\u015firelik \u00d6\u011frencilerinin Klinik Performanslar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin \u00d6z-Yeterliklerinin \u0130ncelenmesi. Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hem\u015firelik Fak\u00fcltesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2016;15(1):22\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46483\/deuhfed.928683.","journal-title":"Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hem\u015firelik Fak\u00fcltesi Elektronik Dergisi"},{"key":"4878_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinder FD, Kurz JM. Gaming strategies in nursing education. Teach Learn Nurs. 2018;13(4):212-214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TELN.2018.05.001","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TELN.2018.05.001"},{"key":"4878_CR28","unstructured":"Zolfaghari M, Negarandeh R, Eybpoosh S. Developing a blended learning program for nursing and midwifery students in Iran: process and preliminary outcomes. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(1):20-26. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/pmc3748550\/"},{"key":"4878_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S264821","volume":"11","author":"D Neureiter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neureiter D, Klieser E, Neumayer B, Winkelmann P, Urbas R, Kiesslich T. Feasibility of Kahoot! as a Real-Time Assessment Tool in (Histo-)pathology Classroom Teaching. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2020;11:695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AMEP.S264821.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"key":"4878_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-872-3-88","volume":"250","author":"A De Sol\u00eds","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Sol\u00eds A, Rodr\u00edguez A, Hullin C. Digital Game-Based Learning: A Didactic Experience in the Pre-degree Nursing Career. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2018;250:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-872-3-88.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"4878_CR31","unstructured":"Jamil Z, Fatima SS, Saeed AA. Preclinical medical students\u2019 perspective on technology enhanced assessment for learning. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(6):898-903. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/325414446"},{"key":"4878_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEPR.2017.08.019","volume":"27","author":"C Gallegos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallegos C, Tesar AJ, Connor K, Martz K. The Use of a Game-Based Learning Platform to Engage Nursing Students: A Descriptive, Qualitative Study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;27:101\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEPR.2017.08.019.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"4878_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104930","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.104930","volume":"102","author":"GN Aras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aras GN, \u00c7ift\u00e7i. BComparison of the effect of reinforcement with question-answer and kahoot method on the success and motivation levels of nursing students: A quasi-experimental review. Nurse Educ Today. 2021;102:104930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEDT.2021.104930.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"4878_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolete PC, Herpich F, Junior ETDO, Tarouco LMR, Silva JB da. Analysis of student motivation in the use of a physics augmented remote lab during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: 2021 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON); 2021. p. 1040-1047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON46332.2021.9454104","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON46332.2021.9454104"},{"key":"4878_CR35","first-page":"511","volume":"19","author":"HE Owen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owen HE, Licorish SA. Game-based student response system: The effectiveness of Kahoot! On junior and senior information science students\u2019 learning. J Inform Technol Education: Res. 2020;19:511\u201353.","journal-title":"J Inform Technol Education: Res"},{"key":"4878_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licorish SA, Owen HE, Daniel B, George JL. Students\u2019 perception of Kahoot!\u2019s influence on teaching and learning. Res Pract Technol Enh Learn. 2018;13:9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-018-0078-8"},{"key":"4878_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayram \u015eB, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan N. Using a game-based virtual reality application in psychomotor skills acquisition: an experience sharing (Oyun tabanl\u0131 sanal ger\u00e7eklik uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n psikomotor beceri \u00f6\u011fretiminde kullan\u0131m\u0131: bir deneyim payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131). J Hum Sci. 2019;16(1):155-163. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.j-humansciences.com\/ojs\/index.php\/IJHS\/article\/view\/5508","DOI":"10.14687\/jhs.v16i1.5508"},{"key":"4878_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787418812667","author":"M Ranieri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ranieri M, Raffaghelli JE, Bruni I. Act Learn \u0130n High Educ. 2018;22(2):129\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469787418812667. Game-Based Student Response System: Revisiting \u0130ts Potentials and Criticalities \u0130n Large-Size Classes."},{"key":"4878_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mileder LP, Bereiter M, Wegscheider T. Telesimulation as a modality for neonatal resuscitation training. Med Educ Online. 2021;26(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10872981.2021.1892017.","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2021.1892017"},{"issue":"6","key":"4878_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPEDSURG.2022.01.041","volume":"57","author":"AG Falcioni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Falcioni AG, Yang HC, Maricic MA, Susana SR, Bailez MM. Effectiveness of telesimulation for pediatric minimally invasive surgery essential skills training. J Pediatr Surg. 2022;57(6):1092\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JPEDSURG.2022.01.041.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"4878_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu M, Salmon M, Zaidi R, Nagdev A, Debebe F, Muller MF, Niazi AU. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: feasibility and effectiveness of 144 teaching via telesimulation in Ethiopia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(8):722-726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/RAPM-2020-102394","DOI":"10.1136\/RAPM-2020-102394"},{"issue":"5","key":"4878_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JEN.2021.01.013","volume":"47","author":"EE Montgomery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montgomery EE, Thomas A, Abulebda K, Sanseau E, Pearson K, Chipman M, Auerbach MA. Development and Implementation of a Pediatric Telesimulation Intervention for Nurses in Community Emergency Departments. J Emerg Nurs. 2021;47(5):818\u2013e8231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JEN.2021.01.013.","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7475\/KJAN.2014.26.1.1","volume":"26","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Jung D. The Impact of a Simulation-based Education Program for Emergency Airway Management on Self-efficacy and Clinical Performance among Nurses. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7475\/KJAN.2014.26.1.1.","journal-title":"Korean J Adult Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"4878_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.22156\/CS4SMB.2020.10.10.100","volume":"10","author":"SY-R Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim SY-R. The Effect of Education Integrating Virtual Reality Simulation Training and Outside School Clinical Practice for Nursing Students. J Convergence Inform Technol. 2020;10(10):100\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22156\/CS4SMB.2020.10.10.100.","journal-title":"J Convergence Inform Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4878_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732215624708","volume":"3","author":"SH Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang SH. Spaced repetition promotes efficient and effective learning: Policy implications for instruction. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2016;3(1):12\u20139.","journal-title":"Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4878_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/jtes-2020-0016","volume":"22","author":"J Kapenieks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapenieks J. Spaced E-learning for sustainable education. J Teacher Educ Sustain. 2020;22(2):49\u201365.","journal-title":"J Teacher Educ Sustain"},{"key":"4878_CR47","unstructured":"Bromer PA. Incremental spaced repetition and StudyMate flashcards: the impact on college student memorization of measurement conversion standards [doctoral dissertation]. Columbia (SC): University of South Carolina; 2022."}],"container-title":["BMC Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:13:38Z","timestamp":1787238818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-026-04878-4","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1177\/1469787418812667","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval to conduct the study was obtained from Ankara Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri University G\u00fclhane Scientific Research Ethics Committee (25.02.2021-2021\/04-2021-109). The necessary institutional permission was received from the nursing department where the study was conducted. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were thoroughly informed about the study\u2019s objectives, academic significance, and data collection procedures. After being assured that their data would remain confidential and accessible only to the research team, they completed informed consent forms.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"739"}}