{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:46:37Z","timestamp":1792611997053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["680995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["680995"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1548425389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Using behaviour change theory to train health workers on tobacco cessation support for tuberculosis patients: a mixed-methods study in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"The TB & Tobacco consortium","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahil","family":"Warsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Elsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Boeckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shammi","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina","family":"Huque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumana","family":"Huque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeepa","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabin","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omara","family":"Dogar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3909_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.4.335","volume":"167","author":"MN Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates MN, Khalakdina A, Pai M, Chang L, Lessa F, Smith KR. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:335\u201342.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3909_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.3.385","volume":"5","author":"M Pai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pai M, Mohan A, Dheda K, Leung CC, Yew WW, Christopher DJ, Sharma SK. Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2007;5:385\u201391.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"3909_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68384-0","volume":"367","author":"C Dye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006;367:938\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3909_CR4","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2013","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"3909_CR5","first-page":"278","volume":"103","author":"UA Siddiqui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Siddiqui UA, O'Toole M, Kabir Z, Qureshi S, Gibbons N, Kane M, Keane J. Smoking prolongs the infectivity of patients with tuberculosis. Ir Med J. 2010;103:278\u201380.","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"3909_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00072909","volume":"35","author":"RN Zyl Smit van","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K. Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;35:27.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3909_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0694","volume":"18","author":"YF Yen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yen YF, Yen MY, Lin YS, Lin YP, Shih HC, Li LH, Chou P, Deng CY. Smoking increases risk of recurrence after successful anti-tuberculosis treatment: a population-based study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:492\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"3909_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5506","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5506","volume":"343","author":"S Basu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basu S, Stuckler D, Bitton A, Glantz SA. Projected effects of tobacco smoking on worldwide tuberculosis control: mathematical modelling analysis. BMJ. 2011;343:d5506.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3909_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.04.009","volume":"35","author":"Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:158\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"3909_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.32.2.4","volume":"32","author":"T Asfar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asfar T, Weg MV, Maziak W, Hammal F, Eissenberg T, Ward KD. Outcomes and adherence in Syria's first smoking cessation trial. Am J Health Behav. 2008;32:146\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"3909_CR11","first-page":"CD000165","volume":"4","author":"T Lancaster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lancaster T, Stead L. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;4:CD000165.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3909_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00006","volume":"158","author":"K Siddiqi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siddiqi K, Khan A, Ahmad M, et al. Action to stop smoking in suspected tuberculosis (ASSIST) in Pakistan: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:667\u201375.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3909_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt211","volume":"16","author":"O Dogar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dogar O, Jawad M, Shah SK, Newell JN, Kanaan M, Khan MA, Siddiqi K. Effect of cessation interventions on hookah smoking: post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16:682\u20138.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"3909_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1017\/jsc.2015.20","volume":"11","author":"O Dogar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dogar O, Elsey H, Khanal S, Siddiqi K. Challenges of integrating tobacco cessation interventions in TB Programmes: case studies from Nepal and Pakistan. J Smok Cessat. 2016;11:108\u201315.","journal-title":"J Smok Cessat"},{"key":"3909_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0466-7","volume":"11","author":"H Elsey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elsey H, Khanal S, Manandhar S, Sah D, Baral SC, Siddiqi K, Newell JN. Understanding implementation and feasibility of tobacco cessation in routine primary care in Nepal: a mixed methods study. Implement Sci. 2016;11:104.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"3909_CR16","first-page":"126","volume":"19","author":"TH Lam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lam TH, Jiang C, Chan YF, Chan SS. Smoking cessation intervention practices in Chinese physicians: do gender and smoking status matter? Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19:126\u201337.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"3909_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2006.018895","volume":"16","author":"N Ng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ng N, Prabandari YS, Padmawati RS, Okah F, Haddock CK, Nichter M, Nichter M, Muramoto M, Poston WS, Pyle SA, et al. Physician assessment of patient smoking in Indonesia: a public health priority. Tob Control. 2007;16:190\u20136.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"3909_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmm006","volume":"24","author":"P Murchie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murchie P, Hannaford PC, Wyke S, Nicolson MC, Campbell NC. Designing an integrated follow-up programme for people treated for cutaneous malignant melanoma: a practical application of the MRC framework for the design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. Fam Pract. 2007;24:283\u201392.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"3909_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv110","volume":"38","author":"J Troughton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Troughton J, Chatterjee S, Hill SE, Daly H, Martin Stacey L, Stone MA, Patel N, Khunti K, Yates T, Gray LJ, Davies MJ. Development of a lifestyle intervention using the MRC framework for diabetes prevention in people with impaired glucose regulation. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016;38:493\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"3909_CR20","unstructured":"WHO Country Profiles TB 2017 https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/sree\/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=NP&LAN=EN&outtype=pdf . Accessed 01.10.18."},{"key":"3909_CR21","unstructured":"WHO Country profiles tobacco http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.65 . Accessed 01.10.18."},{"key":"3909_CR22","volume-title":"The behaviour change wheel : a guide to designing interventions","author":"S Michie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michie S, Atkins L, West R. The behaviour change wheel : a guide to designing interventions. Sutton: Silverback Publishing; 2014."},{"key":"3909_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6:42.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"3909_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e566732013-001","volume-title":"Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Klassen AC, Plano Clark VL, Smith KC. Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. National Institutes of Health: Bethesda, MD; 2011."},{"key":"3909_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732313513656","volume":"24","author":"JM Morse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morse JM, Cheek J. Making room for qualitatively-driven mixed-method research. Qual Health Res. 2014;24:3\u20135.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3909_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","volume":"26","author":"K Malterud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malterud K, Siersma V, Guassora A. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26:1753\u201360.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3909_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"3909_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices. Health Serv Res. 2013;48:2134\u201356.","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117"},{"key":"3909_CR29","volume-title":"Standard treatment Programme: a guide to Behavioural support for smoking cessation","author":"A McEwen","year":"2014","unstructured":"McEwen A: Standard treatment Programme: a guide to Behavioural support for smoking cessation. National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training; 2014."},{"key":"3909_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0645-1","volume":"12","author":"GS Gould","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gould GS, Bar-Zeev Y, Bovill M, Atkins L, Gruppetta M, Clarke MJ, Bonevski B. Designing an implementation intervention with the behaviour change wheel for health provider smoking cessation care for Australian indigenous pregnant women. Implement Sci. 2017;12:114.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"3909_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.12.009","volume":"133","author":"J Webb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Webb J, Foster J, Poulter E. Increasing the frequency of physical activity very brief advice for cancer patients. Development of an intervention using the behaviour change wheel. Public Health. 2016;133:45\u201356.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"3909_CR32","first-page":"CD000214","volume":"5","author":"KV Carson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carson KV, Verbiest ME, Crone MR, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Assendelft WJ, Smith BJ. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD000214.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3909_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt040","volume":"15","author":"E Olano-Espinosa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olano-Espinosa E, Matilla-Pardo B, Minue C, Anton E, Gomez-Gascon T, Ayesta FJ. Effectiveness of a health professional training program for treatment of tobacco addiction. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:1682\u20139.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"3909_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv142","volume":"18","author":"GR Kruse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kruse GR, Rigotti NA, Raw M, McNeill A, Murray R, Pine-Abata H, Bitton A, McEwen A. Tobacco dependence treatment training programs: an international survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18:1012\u20138.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"3909_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0606-1","volume":"14","author":"D Shelley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shelley D, Nguyen L, Pham H, VanDevanter N, Nguyen N. Barriers and facilitators to expanding the role of community health workers to include smoking cessation services in Vietnam: a qualitative analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:606.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3909_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318295b86a","volume":"63","author":"TE Flickinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flickinger TE, Saha S, Moore RD, Beach MC. Higher quality communication and relationships are associated with improved patient engagement in HIV care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:362\u20136.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"3909_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/108729102753429398","volume":"16","author":"KJ Roberts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roberts KJ. Physician-patient relationships, patient satisfaction, and antiretroviral medication adherence among HIV-infected adults attending a public health clinic. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2002;16:43\u201350.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"3909_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31819a5acc","volume":"47","author":"KB Zolnierek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zolnierek KB, Dimatteo MR. Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: a meta-analysis. Med Care. 2009;47:826\u201334.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"3909_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"EA Hurley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hurley EA, Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Keita M, Roter DL, Doumbia S, Diarra NH, Kennedy CE. The role of patient-provider communication in engagement and re-engagement in HIV treatment in Bamako, Mali: a qualitative study. J Health Commun. 2017;23:1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"3909_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420140103035","volume":"261","author":"TE Kottke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kottke TE, Brekke ML, Solberg LI, Hughes JR. A randomized trial to increase smoking intervention by physicians. Doctors helping smokers, round I. JAMA. 1989;261:2101\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3909_CR41","volume-title":"Improving provider skills: strategies for assisting health workers to modify and improve skills: developing quality health care - a process of change. In evidence and information for policy","author":"CA Woodward","year":"2000","unstructured":"Woodward CA. Improving provider skills: strategies for assisting health workers to modify and improve skills: developing quality health care - a process of change. In evidence and information for policy. Department of Organization of Health Services Delivery, World Health Organisation: Geneva; 2000."},{"key":"3909_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmi082","volume":"22","author":"S Hall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hall S, Vogt F, Marteau TM. A short report: survey of practice nurses\u2019 attitudes towards giving smoking cessation advice. Fam Pract. 2005;22:614\u20136.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"3909_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.11.008","volume":"51","author":"A Kennedy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kennedy A, Rogers A, Bowen R, Lee V, Blakeman T, Gardner C, Morris R, Protheroe J, Chew-Graham C. Implementing, embedding and integrating self-management support tools for people with long-term conditions in primary care nursing: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51:1103\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"3909_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0318-6","volume":"16","author":"Z Malan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malan Z, Mash R, Everett-Murphy K. Qualitative evaluation of primary care providers experiences of a training programme to offer brief behaviour change counselling on risk factors for non-communicable diseases in South Africa. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:101.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"3909_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/20786204.2013.10874396","volume":"55","author":"RJ Mash","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mash RJ, Govender S, Isaacs AA, De Sa A, Schlemmer A. An assessment of organisational values, culture and performance in Cape Town's primary healthcare services. S Afr Fam Pract. 2013;55:459\u201366.","journal-title":"S Afr Fam Pract"},{"key":"3909_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61353-0","volume":"376","author":"B Samb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samb B, Desai N, Nishtar S, Mendis S, Bekedam H, Wright A, Hsu J, Martiniuk A, Celletti F, Patel K, et al. Prevention and management of chronic disease: a litmus test for health-systems strengthening in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2010;376:1785\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3909_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-1-10","volume":"1","author":"M Dieleman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dieleman M, Cuong PV, Anh LV, Martineau T. Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam. Hum Resour Health. 2003;1:10.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"3909_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00203-X","volume":"58","author":"LM Franco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Franco LM, Bennett S, Kanfer R, Stubblebine P. Determinants and consequences of health worker motivation in hospitals in Jordan and Georgia. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:343\u201355.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3909_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.730","volume":"18","author":"D Kyaddondo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kyaddondo D, Whyte SR. Working in a decentralized system: a threat to health workers\u2019 respect and survival in Uganda. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2003;18:329\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"3909_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-247","volume":"8","author":"M Willis-Shattuck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Willis-Shattuck M, Bidwell P, Thomas S, Wyness L, Blaauw D, Ditlopo P. Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:247.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3909_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.01.008","volume":"110","author":"F Eijkenaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eijkenaar F, Emmert M, Scheppach M, Schoffski O. Effects of pay for performance in health care: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Health Policy. 2013;110:115\u201330.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"3909_CR52","series-title":"London School of Economics and Political Science working paper series 08\u201396","volume-title":"Health worker motivation and the role of performance based finance systems in Africa: a qualitative study on health worker motivation and the Rwandan performance based finance initiative in district hospitals","author":"F Paul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paul F. Health worker motivation and the role of performance based finance systems in Africa: a qualitative study on health worker motivation and the Rwandan performance based finance initiative in district hospitals, London School of Economics and Political Science working paper series 08\u201396. London: London School of Economics and Political Science Development Studies Institute; 2009."},{"key":"3909_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-247","volume":"10","author":"P Herck Van","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Herck P, De Smedt D, Annemans L, Remmen R, Rosenthal MB, Sermeus W. Systematic review: effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health care. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:247.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3909_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-18","volume":"13","author":"R Mutemwa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutemwa R, Mayhew S, Colombini M, Busza J, Kivunaga J, Ndwiga C. Experiences of health care providers with integrated HIV and reproductive health services in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:18.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3909_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw016","volume":"31","author":"YK Ogundeji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogundeji YK, Jackson C, Sheldon T, Olubajo O, Ihebuzor N. Pay for performance in Nigeria: the influence of context and implementation on results. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31:955\u201363.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"3909_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67028-6","volume":"366","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rowe AK, de Savigny D, Lanata CF, Victora CG. How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? Lancet. 2005;366:1026\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3909_CR57","volume-title":"Fixing health systems","author":"D Savigny de","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Savigny D, Kasale H, Mbuya C, Reid G. Fixing health systems. 2nd ed. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, Tanzania; 2008.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3909_CR58","volume-title":"Helping healthcare providers perform according to standards. In quality assurance project, vol. 2","author":"L Marquez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marquez L. Helping healthcare providers perform according to standards. In quality assurance project, vol. 2. Bethesda, MD: USAID; 2001."},{"key":"3909_CR59","first-page":"325","volume":"80","author":"A Mills","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mills A, Brugha R, Hanson K, McPake B. What can be done about the private health sector in low-income countries? Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:325\u201330.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"3909_CR60","volume-title":"Qualitative research & evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice (4th ed.)","author":"M Patton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patton M. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2015.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3909_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.114","volume":"320","author":"C Pope","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000;320:114\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3909_CR62","unstructured":"Atkins L: Using the COM-B model and behaviour change wheel to understand behaviours related to physical activity and design interventions. Presentation for BHFNC; 2013."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T05:29:10Z","timestamp":1606195750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-019-3909-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (1964, revised 2013), and received ethical approval from the University of Leeds School of Medicine and Research Ethics Committee (SoMREC), Ref no: MREC 15\u2013063. The study obtained ethical approval in all three countries where the study took place, from Nepal Health Research Council, Bangladesh Medical Research Council and the National BioEthics Committee Pakistan. All research participants provided written consent, and we have ensured confidentiality throughout the research and analysis process. Participants were provided with refreshments during interviews and focus groups and travel reimbursed, but no financial incentives were given.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"71"}}